How To Write an Attention-Grabbing Essay Introduction

The most effective method to Write an Attention-Grabbing Essay Introduction The most effective method to Write an Attention-Grabbing Essay Introduction Papers are a type of scholarly composition to make different contentions. They are intended to teach and illuminate. In spite of the fact that expositions are scholastic in nature, they don't need to be exhausting. Catching your reader’s eye can assist you with expressing what is on your mind, and keep your educator alert as s/he peruses your words. Here are a couple of tips that may help: Incorporate an Anecdote Tales are brief tales about genuine occasions proposed to come to a meaningful conclusion. Including some little subtleties is a fascinating method to accumulate peruser consideration. Keep the account short, sweet, and direct. Utilize a story appropriately (however sparingly) in an exposition prologue to utilize it to the fullest impact. Use Substantiated Information The data you refer to must be real and sponsored by research, and doesn’t fundamentally should be new. Bolster your contention with realities that are unequivocal and direct. Expound your point with a couple of sentences to harden your contention. Have a Dialog Great exchange can pass on a point in a one of a kind way that connects with the peruser. It is a method that speaks to a contention between two inconspicuous â€Å"characters.† Use a short trade between restricting perspectives, and keep it brief. You would then be able to clarify/depict/repeat the discussion and raise different issues for conversation. Sum up A couple, last sentences in the paper acquaintance will permit you with wrap up your thoughts just and unmistakably before you dispatch into increasingly considerable bit of the composition. Composing an article can be a pleasant method to investigate differing feelings on a subject. Making the whole paper intriguing to perusers can be testing. For expertly composed papers, call at 1-800-573-0840.

Crime and Criminal Justice Essay

Wrongdoing and Criminal Justice Essay Wrongdoing and Criminal Justice Essay Gear required in Chapter 11 Measuring glass The utilization of the recepticle is to hold and pour fluids. They can likewise be utilized to warm fluids. It is extremely only a round glass compartment with a level base. They come in numerous sizes, from little ones that solitary hold 10 mL to mammoth ones that hold numerous liters. Dropper-Medicine droppers are valuable gadgets for circulating little volumes of fluid. Electronic Scale-It will ascertain weight in grams, onces and pounds relying upon the settings. They come in different sizes relying upon what your weighting. Erlenmeyer Flask-Erlenmeyers are utilized in science labs for titration. An Erlenmeyer carafe, otherwise called a conelike flagon, is a broadly utilized kind of research facility jar which includes a level base, a cone shaped body, and a barrel shaped neck. Channel Paper-It is a permeable paper, which is utilized to isolate little particles from fluids. Barrel shaped Graduate-A graduated chamber is a bit of research center dishes used to precisely allot volumes of synthetic concoctions for use in responses. They are commonly more exact and exact for this reason than measuring utencils or Erlenmeyer flagons, in spite of the fact that not as exact as a volumetric carafe or volumetric pipet. They arrive in an assortment of sizes for various volumes, regularly 10 ml, 25 ml, 50 ml, or 100 ml and up to as extensive as 1 or 2 liters. Decide the volume contained in a graduated chamber by perusing the base of the meniscus at eye level. Funnel shaped Graduate-Actually, a tapered alumni is all the more regularly utilized for

Essay on Genetically Modified Goods Should Be Banned

Essay on Genetically Modified Goods Should Be Banned Genetically Modified Goods Should Be Banned Apr 5, 2019 in Persuasive Essay Introduction The humanity has entered the era of genetically modified food long ago. However, the consumption of genetically mutated products is a debatable issue that has thousands of opponents around the globe. Many people emphasize the idea that genetically modified goods should be banned because of hazardous impacts on heath. On the contrary, some proponents assure that production and consumption of these foods lead to positive impacts on health, environment, and economic situation of many countries. Regardless of numerous controversies, the given paper aims to determine, review, and assess the disadvantages of genetically modified products.

The Structure of Law Essays - 3410 Words

I can help you get first class marks. I can show you simple ways of becoming an amazing legal author. In this document I will provide you with some key tips on writing introductions. I will help you understand why those tips are important. And I will provide you with examples to help you use those tips. If you read this document and practise writing introductions – you will be a better writer and you will get better marks. See what I did there? See how I tried to capture your attention and get you to read on? See how you understand what to expect of this document? That’s the whole point of an introduction. Think of any great book that you have read or any great film that you have watched. The first few paragraphs or scenes are†¦show more content†¦As Jo Hunt says, writing a law essay is not like writing a detective novel. No one wants to wait until the last line for the big reveal, to find out â€Å"whodunit†. Instead, you need to be telling your reader, in your introduction, exactly what your conclusion is going to be. As Richard Moorhead comments, â€Å"Outside of fiction, and interestingly judicial judgments, writing should generally not be a magical mystery tour. The best writing generally tells the reader what they will learn from reading the full text and it does so very early on (in the introduction). So if the question is, Do you think capital punishment is right or wrong, you would say from the outset of the essay what your line is. Say, â€Å"I will argue that capital punishment is wrong.† Or, â€Å"I will argue that capital punishment is right for certain types of offence.†Ã¢â‚¬  4. Keep it short and keep it snappy. The introduction introduces. It doesn’t give everything in full detail. That’s what the body of your essay is for. So, in exam conditions where you have 45 minutes – 1 hour for an answer, you’re probably looking at no more than a couple of paragraphs. In summative work (or work in non-exam conditions), try and keep your introduction to no more than 10% of the total word count. This figure, 10%, is not a magic number. It’s just a rough guide. Be sensible. Remember that the Introduction is notShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Writing An Argumentative Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesto create a successful essay but as many other things, it requires constant practice and effort. At the start of this course I wasn’t a very good writer myself, and I can see the huge improvement this course made by looking at my first argumentative essay. I was able to identify and apply the requisites of a good argument essay. A well thought structure, reliable evidence, and a counterargument are three essential components of argumentative writing. 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My Knowledge And Understanding Of The Holy Spirit

My knowledge and understanding of the Holy Spirit began later than would be expected for someone who was raised in the church since birth. I grew up in a tradition that, due to fears over the exaltation of emotionality in some charismatic movements, responded by practically ignoring the third part of the Trinity. While I knew the three names that made up the Trinity, the Holy Spirit was some forgotten concept that languished because revealing it might lead to excess. In some ways, I think that fear is a testament to the incredible power dwelling in the Spirit. However, to ignore it completely is an untenable position. While the Spirit has historically struggled to be accepted as a full person within the Trinity, I firmly believe, as do†¦show more content†¦I believe that this understanding of the role of the Holy Spirit provides a fuller and more theologically consistent view of the work of the Spirit. Before I can progress on this point, I must first provide demonstrate the foundation of my beliefs in the Spirit and its gifts. Belief in the Holy Spirit is one of the defining traits of Christianity ; however defining such an entity comprehensively and succinctly is difficult. One definition, merely to begin the discourse, can be found in the The Anchor Bible Dictionary. There, the Holy Spirit is defined as the manifestations of divine presence and power perceptible especially in prophetic inspiration. This definition is simplistic and laden with theological assumptions which, but it provides a starting point in this discussion. One of the primary components that initially struck me from this definition is the emphasis on the role of the Spirit in prophecy and inspiration. This idea does not spring out of nothing, but is routinely supported by writings of the early church fathers and modern theologians. However, this also feels restrictive, minimizing the role

Comparative Essay the Elegy Free Essays

The poems â€Å"In Memoriam,† by Alfred Lord Tennyson and â€Å"The Unknown Citizen,† by W. H. Auden are opposite in their general approach and poetic structure and effectively leave different impressions on the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essay: the Elegy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through Tennyson’s lyrical and expressive approach, â€Å"In Memoriam† draws our attention to the pain and acceptance of human loss. However, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen,† with its non-traditional poetic form and unusual perspective, makes us think about the ways in which we define human importance in modern society. Each of the two poems uses different poetic devices to communicate their messages. Tennyson’s stanzas are written in quatrains following the rhyme pattern of ABBA. Each stanza resolves itself, making it unnatural for the reader to easily move on to the next verse. Through this construction the reader experiences Tennyson’s struggle to move on with life after the resolution of his loss. This resilience is embodied in the reading of the poem due to its great length as a compilation of 131 poems. In contrast, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† follows a sporadic yet witty rhyme pattern throughout its brief 29 lines, including patterns such as ABAB, AA, BB, and ABBCCA which makes it less lyrical. The rhymes in this poem happen seamlessly yet do not distract the reader from the main informative focus of each line. Tennyson’s use of repetition and alliteration within stanzas in poems 8 and 115 communicate the personal and emotional qualities of the poem: He saddens, all the magic light Dies off at once from bower and hall And the place is dark, and all The Chambers emptied of delight †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Now rings the woodland loud and long The distance takes a lovelier hue And drowned in yonder living blue The Lark becomes a sightless song (Tennyson, 8, 115) As displayed in these verses, the mood of â€Å"In Memoriam† shifts from sadness early on in section 8 towards happiness much later in section 115. The repetition of the word â€Å"all† in relation to the absence of light and people in the common places like the ‘bower’ (garden) and hallways, leaves the reader with an emptied feeling and a sense of total loss. Later on, alliteration is used to emphasize words with positive connotations such as â€Å"loud† â€Å"long† â€Å"lovelier† and â€Å"living. † The loud and long distances of the woodland now seem vibrant and full of hope for the future. Through these lyrical verses, the reader enjoys the beauty in nature’s sights and sounds. In â€Å"The Unknown Citizen†, Auden uses a simpler more neutral approach omitting devices such as alliteration and repetition, which makes his elegy more of a report than an expressive or celebratory reflection like that of Tennyson’s. By Auden’s straightforward approach, the reader immediately gets an understanding from the first two lines about who is reporting on the death and what was thought about the unknown citizen. There is no presentation or development of emotional themes associated with mourning: He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be One against whom there was no official complaint, (Auden, 1-2) Throughout the rest of the poem Auden simply quantifies and qualifies the subject’s worldly belongings and accomplishments: He was fully sensible to the advantages of the Installment Plan And had everything necessary to the Modern Man, A phonograph, a radio, a car and a Frigidaire. Auden, 19-21) â€Å"In Memoriam† follows a natural emotional process that is characteristic of the elegy and reminds the reader of elements of Kubler Ross’s five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† uses the elegy in an unconventional way; not to mourn the death of a real person, but to intellectually address the notion of an idealized citizen. This reminds the reader of Sigmund Freud’s theory of mourning where a loss can be that of an abstraction rather than a specific person. The poem acknowledges the citizen’s lifelong achievements which appear adequate but mundane. It is not until the ending couplet that we get a sense of what Auden is communicating when he introduces the notion of an emotional theme for the first time: Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd: Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard. (Auden, 28-29) It appears that Auden is asking the reader to contemplate the process by which we evaluate a person’s life. Although the bureaucracy of society might be content with our conduct, we should be aware of how statistics and research ignore our quality of life as unique individuals. In comparison, each elegy communicates a different experience of mourning and is deliberate in what it impresses on the reader. When reading Tennyson’s poem, I feel as though I am participating in a genuine process of human mourning through a real life perspective and lyrical poetic structure. When reading Auden’s poem I feel detached from the subject, due to his hypothetical point of view and lack of expressive poetry. The two elegies impact the reader in different ways they are both extremely effective in their objectives. How to cite Comparative Essay: the Elegy, Essay examples

Division for Planetary Sciences-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss the Implications of these Auroral Observations particularly from the perspective of the Planetary Interior Structure. Given the Jovian nature of this planet, what other Observable Characteristics might you see? Answer: Planets in the Solar system are mainly classified into two types, namely the Jovian planets and the terrestrial planets. Beyond the frost line of our solar system, the region where volatile materials such as water, methane and ammonia begin to freeze, the Jovian planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune reside (Heller Pudritz, 2015). These planets differ in characteristics, in size, composition and mass. The auroral observations that are seen, results from the structure and composition of these planets. These planets are primarily composed of gases such as hydrogen and helium. The remaining portions are occupied by heavy metallic elements and a molten core that is composed of rocky substances. These compositional differences, from the terrestrial planets, results in the development of the auroral activities of the Jovian planets (Heller Pudritz, 2015). These planets experience auroras near the northern and southern poles. This results from an intense radiation, the magnetic field of the planet, along with the abundance of materials from los volcanoes, which has a strong reaction with the ionosphere of the Jovian planet. These planets also experience violent weather patterns that increase the auroral activities (Mankovich et al., 2015). The storms form within hours and become thousands of kilometres in diameters overnight. These are some of the causes of the frequent auroral activiti es of the Jovian planets. The winds of the Saturn are the second fastest in the Solar system. The southern and the northern poles highlight the fact that the planet has been experiencing stormy weather. Thus, the weather conditions of the Jovian planets, along with the composition of the planets result in the auroral activities. References Heller, R., Pudritz, R. (2015). Water ice lines and the formation of giant moons around super-Jovian planets. The Astrophysical Journal, 806(2), 181. Mankovich, C., Fortney, J. J., Moore, K. L., Nettelmann, N. (2015). Helium Rain and the Thermal Evolution of the Jovian Planets. In AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 47).

First Love, by John Clare and La Belle Dame Sans Merci, by John Keats Essay Example

First Love, by John Clare and La Belle Dame Sans Merci, by John Keats Paper The two poems, First Love, by John Clare and La Belle Dame Sans Merci, by John Keats have a similar theme, unrequited love. Compare and contrast the poets effective use of language and form to convey their ideas effectively. In the poems First Love, by John Clare and La Belle Dame Sans Merci, by John Keats both poets deal with unrequited love. In Clares poem, it is the love of the knight for the woman, which is not returned. This is very similar to Keats poem where it is a knight again whose love for a woman is not returned. Both poems portray romantic poetry to us. In the pre-twentieth centuries romance was imaginative love like that shown in Clares poem. This type of romance is similarly shown in Keats poem. In Keats poem, we also see modern romance, which is romantic love. We will write a custom essay sample on First Love, by John Clare and La Belle Dame Sans Merci, by John Keats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on First Love, by John Clare and La Belle Dame Sans Merci, by John Keats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on First Love, by John Clare and La Belle Dame Sans Merci, by John Keats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Clares poem is set in contemporary times; he is recounting the experience of falling in love for the first time: I neer was struck before that hour With love so sudden and so sweet. This makes it clear to us that the knight in the poem is falling in love for the first time. Keats poem on the other hand is set in the times of King Arthur, which was the thirteenth century. The time, which the poem is set, is well suited to the context of a bewitched knight. In Clares poem no blame is given to the girl whom he falls in love with maybe because she did not deliberately set out to captivate the knight like the enchantress in Keats poem appears to do: She lookd at me as she did love, And made sweet moan. This is very similar to the woman in Robert Brownings poem Porphyrias lover who seduces the man by baring her shoulder and murmurs how she loves him. In both poems, both of the knights in the poem seem to fall under the spell of the woman. This is shown on the very first line of Clares poem: I neer was struck before that hour The use of the word struck gives us an image of someone unexpectedly being hit by a spell. The word struck also gives us an image of someone being struck by one of cupids arrows, which put someone under a spell making them fall in love. This makes the use of the word struck very effective. This can be seen as similar to the Knight in Keats poem that also appears to be under a spell: For sidelong would she bend, and sing A faerys song. The mention of faerys suggests something supernatural, as fairies are small creatures, which possess magical power, which could be used to put someone under a spell like in the poem. These spells seem to make the knights loose their vision, feel trapped, and look pale. These effects are very similar to the imagery, which is used throughout both poems. In Keats poem, he uses the image of how pale the man is throughout the poem to show the effects of the spells: O, what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, Alone and palely loitering? This can be linked to the description of the people in his dream: I saw pale kings and princes too, Pale warriors, death-pale were they all This can finally be linked to the use of the word palely at the end of the poem: And this is why I sojourn here Alone and palely loitering, This imagery used by Keats is similar to that which is used by Clare: My face turned pale as deadly pale, Although in some parts of the poem the imagery can be seen as similar, some of the imagery used is also different. It is different because in Keats poem the imagery is often literal: She took me to her elfin grot, While in Clares poem the imagery is often metaphorical: And stole my heart away complete. This can be linked to the form of the poem. Clare sets his poem in every day life and feels as though his heart has been stolen. This puts a literal interpretation on a romantic clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Clare then extends this metaphor both literally and metaphorically. Keats poem is different to Clares poem because it is written in the form of a ballad, which tells an Arthurian tale in which a knight falls into the clutches of a cold-hearted enchantress: La Belle Dame sans Merci Hath thee in thrall!' The story of this poem is told as a tale within a tale in which the poet meets the knight who recounts an experience. The use of the two voices in this poem is useful because it draws us in. First with the poet arousing our curiosity on the first line: O, what can ail thee, knight at arms, Then the knight satisfies the curiosity aroused by the poet: I met a lady in the meads, The way which the poet uses repetition of the word palely emphasises death and sickness. The idea of death is also emphasised by the setting of the poem, where the sedge is withered and birds do not sing. This does not only signify death but also prepares us for something sinister: The sedge has witherd from the lake, And no birds sing. These images of death are used throughout the poem. In both poems, the experience has affected the men and will for the rest of their lives. In Clares poem he can never fall in love again: My heart has left its dwelling place And can return no more. While the knight is forever trapped to pine away and die on the hillside unless the spell on him is broken: And this is why I sojourn here Alone and palely loitering, Clares poem is written in the form of an autobiographical account of an experience. Keats poem on the other hand is a ballad, which tells a salutary tale. Although they are written in different forms they both show the same thing, how powerful and destructive love can be. Both of the poems show victims of love. Clare is clearly a victim of love and Keats is victim of La Belle Dame who uses love to achieve power over him: And sure in language strange she said I love thee true. Clares poem is set out in three eight line stanzas which rhymes on alternating lines The first two stanzas show the immediate effect of his falling in love, and the final stanza then draws the experience together as life changing. In contrast to Clare Keats uses the traditional form of a ballad where each stanza contains four lines and rhymes on every other line. This makes Keats poem very lyrical and the poem forms a warning against love. The use of sans merci is very significant because it is clear to us that La Belle Dame is either a sorceress or enchantress. By using sans merci, we see that she does not have mercy for the men which she puts under her spell as she quickly loses interest after they are in her clutches. She is always looking out for new conquests, relishing her power over the men. No one can resist her charms not even the most powerful of people such as kings, princes, and brave warriors. In both poems, both of the poets John Clare and John Keats give us their similar views on love causing illness and death. We see this as realistic as in both poems the poets use literal and metaphorical imagery to persuade us that love causes illness and death. In Keats poem, the knight becomes pale as if he is ill which enforces Keats view of love as an illness. In Clares poem, he has lost the ability to love as if he is ill.

A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay Example

A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay Example A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay Nowadays, it is going progressively hard to disregard the construct of Internal Audit in the concern universe. Among the well known definitions of IA, there is the Institute of Internal Auditors ( IIA ) ( 2009 ) which defined it as: An independent, nonsubjective confidence and consulting activity designed to add value and better an organisation s operations. It helps an organisation carry through its aims by conveying a systematic, disciplined attack to measure and better the effectivity of hazard direction, control, and administration procedures. This definition embodies a complete position of IA with respect to put on the line direction, control and administration ( Leung et al. , 2011 ) . The Internal Audit Function ( IAF ) should therefore non merely analyze the effectivity but besides assistance in the betterment of the hazard direction procedure ( Pickett, 2010 ) . 1.1.2 A brief history of internal auditing in Mauritius In Mauritius, the recent developments in the field of IA have led to a renewed involvement in this peculiar construct. In the past decennaries, IA was seen as a mechanism to double-check the 1000s of fiscal minutess that were posted to the histories each hebdomad ( Owusu, 2012 ) . In contrast, today s IA facilitates the development of suited controls as portion of a wider hazard scheme, and provides confidences on the dependability of these controls. In the present and future Mauritian concern environment, the IAF can no longer retain the traditional transaction-based function ( Pickett, 2003 ) . However, this shows a demand to respond more rapidly in today s planetary market place where companies are seeking to accomplish its strategic ends. It is therefore critical in placing chances, hazards and exposures that can find success or failure. Besides, PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) ( 2005 ) in Mauritius provides a scope of IA services, from outsourcing and co-sourcing, to Sarbanes-Oxley services and Quality Assurance Reviews that go above traditional fiscal coverage to assist IA gain its full strategic potency. It is deserving observing the function of IA is germinating because of economic conditions, new and rising hazards. These scenarios are making a dynamic environment and a new chance for IA to show its worth in pull offing hazard. In this fluid environment, many companies are fighting to manage or even to place the complex hazards they face. 1.2 Background of Research In position of the compelling nature of the 2011 fiscal crisis which has had a negative consequence in Mauritius and many other states across the Earth, houses are being persuaded to make a more in depth work with a more holistic attack to put on the line direction. As administrations struggle for success after the crisis, many are inquiring: What is, and what should be, the function of internal auditing in hazard direction? Correspondingly, in the wake of corporate dirts and the planetary fiscal crisis, corporate administration has received immense attending from regulators and the populace. The past decennary has seen the rapid development of IA in hazard direction. Regulatory responses have focused on increasing revelation demands associating to corporate administration and this has, in bend, driven increased consciousness and demand for internal confidence on corporate administration processes, particularly, internal control and hazard direction. Having a alone place within the administration, the internal audit map ( IAF ) is good placed to supply this confidence and is an indispensable constituent of the corporate administration mosaic. Consequently, the function of IA has evolved well. Primarily, in the yesteryear, IA focused on internal control while today, it emphasized on concern hazard. Second, there is a alteration signifier an independent assessment map towards an integrated hazard direction. IA is besides going a existent direction adviser while affecting in an aim and consulting activity. 1.3 Internal Audit and Risk Management There is considerable involvement in the research of IA and hazard direction. The hazard direction is nevertheless believed to be a cardinal duty of direction. This issue refers to the manner by which an administration analyses, feats, fundss, and proctors hazards from all beginnings so as to add to the house s short and long-run value to its stakeholders. However, administrations are being pressurised to place all the concern hazards they face such as societal, ethical, environmental every bit good as fiscal and operational hazards. They need to explicate how they cut down the hazards to the minimal degree. Meanwhile, houses have acknowledged that the turning engagement of IA and hazard direction is of import. This is because, the IA has to verify the adequateness of the hazard direction procedure that is, whether direction has planned and designed it suitably by guaranting that it provides sensible confidence that the administrations aims will be achieved. Despite IA s natural involvement in hazard direction, there is argument as to their combination. Undoubtedly, the internal hearers varied functions and accent on hazard direction are dependent on the adulthood of the hazard direction procedure in the house. Consequently, there is an pressing demand that precautions are put in topographic point to guarantee that the full company particularly, internal hearers to the full understand direction s duty towards hazard direction. However, this has lead to a new construct covering with the betterment of the traditional construct known as the Enterprise Risk Management ( ERM ) . Consequently, the IA profession has become a cardinal driver of ERM which is defined by the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations ( COSO ) ( 2004 ) as: a procedure, effected by an entity s board of managers, direction, and other forces ; applied in a scheme scene and across the endeavor ; designed to place possible events that may impact the entity ; and pull off hazard to be within its hazard appetency to supply sensible confidence sing the accomplishment of entity aims. This definition has included all facets related to an effectual hazard direction. 1.4 Problem Statement Indeed, many administrations exist to accomplish their ain specific ends and aims. Unfortunately, ends are non ever achieved as expected, because they have to be achieved in an environment of hazard. Surely, no entity operates in a riskless environment, and hazard direction will non make such an environment. In this position, hazard direction is an country of paramount importance to a house. Because every company is exposed to hazards, effectual hazard direction is necessary for the patterned advance of a concern entity. Risk direction will, nevertheless, assist direction to run more efficaciously in an environment filled with hazard. A new attack to hazard is now called the ERM. However, portion of the covering with hazards includes the IAF, which exists to analyze and describe on hazard exposures and the administration s hazard direction attempts. Hence, a inquiry that arises is whether the IA is an of import participant in hazard direction. However, there is besides a existent danger of IA losing their independent position within administrations if they merge excessively much into hazard direction maps. There is besides a great demand to look into how this engagement of IA in hazard direction can raise any menaces to IA objectiveness and independency. 1.5 Research Objectives: As a consequence, the chief research aims of this survey are as follows: To analyze on how the function of IA has changed in the recent old ages by emphasizing on its importance in administration. To critically analyze how IA see itself as an of import participant in hazard direction within the Mauritanian companies, by stressing on its significance. To look into how this engagement of internal hearers in hazard direction can raise any menaces to internal hearers objectiveness and independency. To find the extent to which ERM is implemented and used in the entities of Mauritius every bit good as to analyze the different functions that IA can or can non set about in relation to put on the line direction. However, this undertaking is structured as follows: the following subdivision reviews the literature which farther develops our research methodological analysis. This is followed by the subdivision that analyses the research findings and eventually comes the decision and recommendations subdivision.

Decision making models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision making models - Essay Example The basic theme of techniques that commonly utilized to put together decisions in our organization is: assessing quantitatively whether to track a way of achievements. You may have been intensely creative in generating solutions to a problem and rigorous in your choice of the best one on hand. However, this clarification may still not be worth implementing, as you may invest a lot of time and money in solving a problem that is not worthy of this effort (Kenneth, 1998). Let’s take an example of situation in which you have a number of first-rate (number) options or choices to decide from, and a lot of diverse issues to take into account. In such situation cost benefit analysis did not work, so we have some better technique to tackle such situation. For this we will select â€Å"Grid Analysis† technique for our problem solution (Kenneth, 2003). Grid Analysis is particularly prevailing way that makes it a preferable and great technique to utilize in approximately several significant decisions where there isnt an obvious, clear and understandable preferred choice. Being capable to utilize â€Å"Grid Analysis† shows that you would be able to acquire decisions boldly, confidently and rationally, at an occasion when other people may be under pressure to formulate a decision (Kenneth, 1998). The decision making model for which I will favor is â€Å"The Rational Model†.  It is supported by the logic of most favorable option: the option that would increase and maximize worth and value for the organization. The executive/ manager is assumed to be a point of focus (objective), exclusively educated person who would choose the mainly the best and appropriate option, maximizing whatever quantity and kind of output s/he worth. A rational business decision making model has centralized power of decision making of the organization (Kenneth, 1998). It is better in most of situations, because decision power is in hand of few people, these

Communication Digital Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Digital Age - Essay Example Adapting to changes in technology requires not only knowing how to use technological tools, but the ability to use those tools to express oneself creatively. Effective digital communication is the ability to create persuasive communications in different media, be it websites, video, audio, text, or animated multimedia. Digital communication is a foundation skill for most careers today, as most people will be involved in some form of conceptualizing, producing, delivering, and receiving such communications in their jobs and lives. Starting in elementary school and extending to higher education, students can learn a variety of digital communication skills across all their courses, whether they build multimedia presentations to demonstrate their knowledge of academic subjects, create e-portfolios of coursework, or present ideas in a virtual classroom. When students can express themselves through a variety of media, they are motivated and engaged. The twentieth century has witnessed many scientific discoveries and inventions that have revolutionized our life. They have led to the creation of mechanisms and artifacts, which have made our life more efficient, smooth and comfortable. Computer is the latest addition to such achievements. It is the most sophisticated and integrated chip as the computer-based technology has found applications in agriculture, biotechnology, oceanography, engineering medicine and information technology. Throughout the 20th century, the pace of technological advancement has increased dramatically. The digital revolution, now upon us, is expecting to take giant strides in the 21st century. Companies are manufacturing audio and video sets communications nd Information Technology products for the consumer and professional markets. Companies have developed a wide product portfolio, which includes goods that have become integral part of modern life styles. (Anil,2005 37) Many years ago, man invented computer. Nobody would have ever believed that age of computer dreaming and hardware tinkering would lead to the vast, bottomless streams of information that our society has advanced towards over the years in the medium of computer technology. Now, humans are more interconnected with computers than ever before. Computers interact with most every facet of business there possibly is, and education had become modified at most age groups to accommodate the importance of computer technology into the school system because it is as important as it is beneficial. The Internet has also played an instrumental role of all these areas, including the global distant communications with friends and work colleagues. The world has significantly shrunk since the Internet and augmented computer technology. Moreover, while many computer-savvy citizens believe that computers can help better the economy as well as diminish the barriers of social and racial segregation, there are many factors rotating

The Language Of Shop Signs English Language Essay

The Language Of Shop Signs English Language Essay In the present study, the linguistic landscape will be established as a field of sociolinguistic inquiry. The focus will be on one aspect of urban language contact on written medium: the language of Tunisian shop signs. This paper will also examine the effect of such practice on young Tunisian people. The broad objective is to investigate the current status of English in relation and in contrast with French and Tunisian Arabic. 1.2. Background Many studies have been conducted to investigate the use of foreign languages on private shop signs and displays (Dimova, 2007; Hasnova, 2010; McArthur, 2000; Stewart and Fawcett, 2004; Schlick, 2002). McArthur (2000) examined this sociolinguistic practice in Sweden and Switzerland, Stewart and Fawcett (2004) in northern Portugal, McGregor (2003) in Japan. Common sociolinguistic patterns are observed. This evidences the important effect of globalization on visual aspect of trade. Scholars interested in LL show differences in perspectives. Some of them choose to compare the findings between cities belonging to the same country; while others limit their investigation to the shop signs that exist in a single city. The comparison between cities will be then drawn in forthcoming studies. There are also scholars like Schlick (2000) and McGregor (2003) who confine their surveys to examine the degree of the use of foreign terms on shop signs. Others like Dimova (2007) further explore whether there is a correlation between the languages used and types of shop. Rationale The linguistic landscape is part of our everyday experience and its importance as a social practice has been overlooked by sociolinguists. The study of LL enlightens the linguistic situation prevailing in a particular area. Torkington ( 2009) maintains that through an examination of these practices that symbolic power relations may be revealed (Torkington, 2009:123). This study will then use LL as a platform for sociolinguistic study. Expected young readers will be given voice through a questionnaire exploring their attitudes towards the languages used on shop signs in general, and English language in particular. The city is generally known as a place of language contact. Tunis center forms then a perfect field of investigation. Not only is it a place for talk but also a place where written forms do exist. From an academic perspective, writing is of equal importance to the spoken mode. Public written signs provide useful contextual information pertaining to the investigated environment. They would help the researcher to decode the multilingual situation. So, the analysis of the cityscape or one element thereof would provide a unique perspective on the coexistence and competition of different languages and their scripts, and how they interact and interfere with each other in a given place (Backhaus, 2007:145). Language attitude among expected young readers will be taken into consideration. It will be investigated to know whether visual interfaces influence language beliefs of these people. This stems from the general assumption that younger generation is fascinated by visuals. Along with the analysis of shop signs, language attitude investigation will hopefully provide a more valuable picture of the multilingual situation in Tunis. Traditional sociolinguistics is geared towards analyzing aspects of speech, such as pronunciation and accent, in order to determine how language varieties are expressed and represented within communities. LL research (Backhaus, 2007; Gorter Shohamy, 2009), on the other hand, examines language in its written form. Its broad objective is to determine the degree of multilingualism found on street signage in a specific area. The present study will be different than precedent sociolinguistic studies that focus on spoken mode of a language or a variety at the expense of its written form. It will examine scripts displayed on shop signs in Tunis. Literature review This literature review introduces the concept of linguistic landscape research in relation to sociolinguistics. It examines the similarities between linguistic landscape and advertising. It also discusses a number of empirical studies related to one component of LL: the language of shop signs. It finally tackles language attitudes in relation to shop signs. 2.1. Linguistic landscape and Sociolinguistic: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society (Hudson, 1996). One of the key values of this field is the social context in which language is learnt or used. Sociolinguists study language in relation to social factors such as age, gender, class, social distance, and social status. They are also concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the way they are used to convey social meanings. But, it is important to note that sociolinguistics focuses on speech at the expense of written form of language. The bias is displayed even in the definition of language. The language is what the members of a particular society speak (Wardhaugh, 2010:1). The study of public signage has emerged presumably in the seventies. However, the term linguistic landscape was introduced by Landry and Bourhis (1997). Linguistic landscape is also used interchangeably with the term cityscape because the mainstream of LL literature selects urban public space as a place of investigation (Coulmas 2009: 13). The LL research is mainly descriptive: it observes and records how language is actually used. Coulmas (2009:14) defines LL research as the study of writings on displays in the public sphere. The constituents of LL are more detailed in the definition of Landry and Bourhis as follow: The language of public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings combines to form the LL of a given territory, region, or urban agglomeration(Landry and Bourhis 1997: 25; as cited in Backhaus, 2007:9). Ben-Rafael et al (2006) refute this definition as it consists of texts that are only o utside buildings. They maintain that LL does incorporate signs that are inside and outside public institutions or private businesses. Sociolinguistics and LL research have common threads. They both seek to understand how language is actually used. They also focus on urbanized settings as a place of analysis. They may be then combined to analyze distribution of languages and varieties in the city. Language in public signage can be a fertile ground for sociolinguistic investigation. The study of LL may even help the sociolinguist to more understand the nexus between language use in public signage and other social attributes like identity. 2.2. Shop signs versus advertising A successful ad is expected to accomplish five functions: attracting attention, commanding interest, creating desire, and provoking action (Vestergaard Schroder 1985:1, as cited in Sandhya, 2000). Likewise, a business name is good if it succeeds to catch the eye of the reader, stimulates his or her desire to buy goods from the shop. It is not a random use of words and expressions, but rather an art that aims to catch the readers eye. Shop owners are certainly aware that language has a powerful influence over people and their behavior. They try to be selective when naming their shops. They tend to use eye-catching phrases and word-triggers. Economy of words is also to be taken into consideration. Business naming is like usual ads, in that the language in use may not be correct. Business names are then a form of display advertising. But, this type of ads has certain specificity. It does not adopt any prescriptive or normative approach to language use (Bhatia, 1987:35, as cited in Thon us: 1991). 2.3. Anglicization of shop signs: With the growing interest in the concept of signage in public sphere, there have appeared a number of interesting articles in various journals, especially in English Today. Most of them focus on English spread in environment space in general and on shop signs in particular. This spread is obviously due to the political and scientific power of United States (Thonus, 1991). The appeal of Anglo-American cultures, lifestyle and values has further boosted the status of English language worldwide (McArthur, 2000). In Portugal, shop signs are mainly monolingual; mostly are in Portuguese and the larger remainder is in English (10%) (Stewart and Fawcett, 2004: 57). Two striking features are depicted in the aforementioned study. First, the six investigated cities are near to Spain, but Spanish words were never seen on any shop sign. Second, roughly two-thirds of English shop signs displayed Snack bar. This shows the lack of creativity. The authors found that even stop signs for the control of traffic in Portugal and those in United States are the same. This ascertains the widespread of English language not only in Portuguese shop signs, but in the overall Portuguese landscape. Even Post-Soviet states, like Uzbekistan, no longer view English language as the language of Western imperialism but a language of modernity and elitism (Hasanova, 2010:1). Hasanova (2010) examined 97 shop signs scattered in five districts in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. The number of shop signs in English (55.6%) is more important than those in native languages: Uzbek(17.5%) and Russian(24.7%). One may find that this is unusual insofar as English in not even a second language in the country. According to the author, English language is abundantly used in shop signs because it is the most widely learned foreign language in Uzbekistan. It is worthy to mention that English language appear not only on signs of stores but also in front of bazaar covered stalls. The superiority of English language is displayed in terms of frequency and appearance. This is manifested in non-English writings that appear in small scripts across the awnings and marquees of the investigated shops. Besides, most Englis h names were written in Roman letters and not transliterated in Uzbek or Russian. Hasanova (2010) found out that the choice of language used in naming depends on the store type. Shops that basically sell electronics and computers were named in English language. Surprisingly enough, none of them was named in Uzbek. On signs of Internet cafà ©s, the dominant language was English (62.5%), followed by Russian, than Uzbek (12.5%). Most English names were either compound nouns or meaningful words. On the other hand, Uzbek names either were proper names or simply indicated the type of the shop. Dimova(2007) examined the use of English language in a larger sample: 346 shop signs in Veles, Macedonia. It is worthy to mention that the data corpus include brand names and window slogans. The results of her investigation showed that English is the most dominant foreign language in shop signs (36.9%). According to Schlick (2003), using English in business names is a tendency to Westernize Veles and other cities, like Ljubljana and Kranjarea, after the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia. This can be evidenced by the extensive presence of Western consumerism marked by the important presence of American brand names such as Coca Cola. The study also showed that bilingual English shop signs are more common than unilingual ones. Remarkably, none of the investigated shop signs feature words from English and other foreign language like Spanish or Italian. Dimova noted six patterns of use among English- Macedonian bilingual shop signs in the sample. One of these patterns is juxtaposing Macedonian names with brand names. Dimova focused on the subdivisions of business signs that were in English language. But, her study did not show how these English texts appear. It did not indicate whether Macedonian words are spelled in original, i.e. Roman Latin, or Cyrillic. Like the study of Hasanova (2010), it proved that Anglicization of shop signs depends on the type of business. English words and expressions appear in all signs of Internet cafà ©s. They are likely present in all signs of fashion and entertainment businesses. Hasanova (2010) also noted incorrect spelling of certain English words like cafà © which was written as caffee in almost all signs. McGregor (2003) examined 120 shop signs in central Tokyo. The findings of her research show that shop signs appear primarily in Japanese (43.3%) then in English. One-quarters of the investigated shops, especially womens clothing stores and hair salons, are named in only English language. This echoes the common belief that western Fashion is superior to Japanese one. English words are believed to ornament goods, namely clothing. They function as status-enhancing embellishment (McGregor, 2003: 21). Creativity is manifested in English-looking signs, called also made-in-Japan English signs. McGregor explains that those signs comprise loanwords from English language but with new meanings. Sometimes those words are meaningless. What is important is their visual charm (McGregor, 2003: 21). Thonus(1991) collected her business signage data from Yellow Pages telephone directories of seven Brazilian cities. She confined her investigation to the use of English in relation with Portuguese. The results show that only 10% of the investigated shop signs contain English terms. Hybridized business names are the most pervasive (56%). In these names, the generic element appears in Portuguese; and the specific element in English. Thonus noted that the spelling of 9 % of the investigated English naming in Porto Alegre is deviant in a way that it looks more Portuguese ,for example My-Deia instead of my dear (Thonus, 1991:72). There are cases that display the incorrect use of the genitive such as Silvascar (Thonus, 1991:72). Kashru (1992) distinguishes between a mistake and a deviation which is the result of the new un-English linguistic and cultural setting in which English language is used ( Kachru, 1992:62). He explains that The reincarnations were essentially caused by the new bili ngual (or multilingual) settings and by the new contexts in which English had to function (Kachru, 1992:6). But, among deviations characteristic is being systematic and not idiosyncratic (Kachru, 1992:62). According to Thonus, this deliberate spelling deviancy is simply perceived as an attention-getting device. Fused compounds and doublets consist of roughly 6% of the sample. They are mechanisms used in modernization (Dsouza, 1987:64, cited in Thonus, 1991). She noted confusion about word-order restrictions not only in English but also in their own language. For instance, a hotel is named Hotel Center Park instead of Center Park Hotel (Thonus, 1991:73). It is not clear whether the name-givers are attempting to adopt English nomenclature consciously, or merely to imitate English sounding words like the case in Japan. However, what is clear is that English terms in a business sign serve as a modern ring to the offered products in order to impress the passer-by. According to Thonus, En glish is used on shop signs to impress the Brazilian everyperson not the tourist (Thonus, 1991: 68). In the main, the aforementioned studies examined languages displayed on shop signs and their relative weight. English names are used in token of modernity and fashion (Dimova, 2007; Hasanova, 2010). They may be incomprehensible for some people, but attractive for the entire population (Hasanova, 2010). The English language depends on the type of the shop (Dimova, 2007; Hasanova, 2010). But, the name itself at times has no relation with the type of business. For example, SAPIX is an acronym formed from Science, Art, Philosophy, Identity, plus X despite the fact that science, art, and philosophy are not taught at cram schools in Japan (McGregor, 2003: 21). 2.4. Multilingualism in Shop Signs: The LL literature sheds light on multilingual practices in the written form. It reports that shop signs are increasingly multilingual worldwide. In urban space, written language mixing is examined in terms of types and functions. Recent studies of shop signs have documented a growing tendency to language mix in business naming (Shlick, 2003; McArthur, 2000). Apparently, one language is presumed to be not enough visible without the support of a foreign language, namely English. Apart from visibility, there is another function of language support especially when the local language and foreign language are used together. This combination makes it easier for the local community to understand the shop name (McGregor, 2003). This explanation is more valid for countries where the foreign language education is primarily given in translation. McArthur explains mixing languages on shop signs, apart from trendiness, as an attempt to revive the local language (Schlick, 2002). Multilingual signs contain real or coined words from two or more languages (Schlick, 2002:5). Certain messages are traditional and bland like Farmacia; while others are unusual and quirky such as Restaurant le bourjolais (McArthur, 2000:35). The stu dy McAthur(2000) focuses on the strength of macaronic usage in street and shop signs (McArthur, 2000:34). Such vigor is mainly due to two features: the creativity and the interplay (McAthur, 2000:41). Signs with macaronic tendencies are believed to be doubly eye-catching (Schlick, 2002:5). However, shop signs may lose their macaronic quality when translated. Besides, if they are naturalized into a language, they are no longer seen macaronic by native speakers (McArthur, 2000). Addison 1710 states that the great art in writing ads is finding out a proper method to catch the readers eye; without which a good thing may pass over unobserved'(as cited in Bassiouney, 2009:283). Alternating two or more languages on a shop sign seems to be a proper method to get the customers attention. This tendency is flourishing (McArthur, 2000:43). But, the degree of multilingualism differs from a city to another and from a country to another. For example, the study of McArthur (2000) shows that shop signs in Zurich are highly multilingual. The linguistic nature of Switzerland accounts for the great number of multilingual shop signs. Switzerland is known for being a multilingual country where English, French, German and Italian are in daily use. Japan, however, is different in terms of linguistic ecology. It has been known as one of the prototypes of monolingual society (Backhaus, 2007). This explains the predominance of Japanese language in business naming: Japanese is the la nguage used in 43.3% of unilingual business names. The research of McArthur (2000) is highly original in the conceptualization of the language of shop signs. The language of shop signs appears to be universal, whimsical, and translinguistic (McArthur, 2000:36). It is simply called interanto (McArthur, 2000:36). The opening element inter- refers to the internationalism and interplay of the language of shop signs. The suffix -anto , as in the artificial language Esperanto, adds an exotic meaning to the word it is attached to. The universality is depicted through the use of key international words like parking, restaurant, boutique, etc. Such words are no longer perceived foreign especially in urban environment. Whimsicality is the outcome of language mixing, and particularly when such mixing is unpredictable. It is often displayed in a sign that contains words from mother tongue and foreign language. Such a sign would mark trendiness and being rooted with ones soil at the same time (Schlick, 2002:5). A word is said to be translinguisti c when it has no precise canonical form or meaning. The translinguistic aspect is particularly manifested in bilingual and trilingual European shop names. Biona Reformhaus, a healthy food store in Zurich, is one of the hybrid constructions (McArthur, 2000:35). It includes Greek (bio- and -na), French (reform-), and German (haus). Language mixing can be at the level of lexicon, syntax or script. McArthur states that hybridization is a phenomenon happening on top of an ancient inclination to hybridize (McArthur, 2000: 35). Ancient hybridization actually refers to word adaptation. Hybridization comprises all cases of clipping, tacking, deviant spelling, and fused compounds. For example, sole in Studio Sole refers to the French word Soleil. The spelling is modified in order to match the phonetic reading of its Japanese counterparts, so-ray (McGregor, 2003:22). Besides, Language mixing can be at the word-order level. For example, the STEAK HOUSE POLAIRE sign in the study of McGregor comprises not only a French adjective: POLAIRE, but also French word-order (McGregor, 2003:22). However, it is worth to mention that a linguist may be often trapped in possibilities. In the aforementioned case, McGregor states that the context can be also Japanese. Transliteration is another type of language mixing. Backhaus (2007) con tends that a transliterated or translated text on a shop sign is designed for people with foreign backgrounds. Transliterated shop signs are considered clever names in Japan as they often acquire double meaning (McGregor, 2003:19). This accounts for the significant number of transliterated Japanese business names to Roman letters. The name manpuku, for example, means Im full and happiness. Transliteration is also depicted from Roman letters to Japanese script. The American giant McDonalds appear in Katakana. Shop owners in other countries avoid the transliteration to the local language script. For example, Uzbek shop owners avoid the transliteration of shop names to Uzbek or Russian script (Hasanova, 2010). In summary, the language of shop signs is universal, whimsical, and translinguistic. Multilingualism should be approached lexically, syntactically, and in terms of orthographically. It is very interesting to study unusual and quirky texts. 2.5. Methodological difficulties: The investigation of shop signs seems easy. The scholar would stroll along two or more streets and collect names of businesses, and analyze them afterwards. But, many methodological hurdles should be considered and dealt with first. To begin with, the unit of analysis can be a problem. The definition of a shop sign is controversial. Some scholars consider window-filling slogans part of shop signs (McArthur, 2000; Schlick, 2002, Dimova, 2007). Others exclude the names of internationally known products from the analysis of shop signs such as Coca Cola, Kodak, Fujifilm, etc. (Hasanova, 2010; Stewart and Fawcett, 2004). However, if brand names are eliminated from the data corpus, the linguistic impact of trademarks on individuals and groups would be denied. The overall understanding of shop signs would be then affected. Besides, when the term shop sign varies in scope from one study to another, the comparison between those surveys becomes impossible. Besides, the taxonomy of shop signs is difficult. Business names do not always fall into neat categories because of the word formation. For instance, there are true English loanwords and quasi-English words which are usually the result of back clipping (Gorach, 1989:303, cited in Thonus, 1991). Words pertaining to the second type are called so as they do not conform to the English norms. Adoption and adaptation process impedes an easy classification of shop signs. The term glass, a shop name in Sweden introduced in the survey of McArthur (2000:38), illustrates this ambiguity. One may think that it is an English word; while it is rather an adapted form of French glace. Ateljà © is another translinguistic word; and it is a Swedish adaptation of French atelier (McArthur, 2000:38). The ado in this case is whether or not to classify the adapted word if recognized in the class of etymon, i.e. the language of origin. McArthur (2000) suggests that an adapted cognate is naturalized into a di fferent language; and accordingly it must not be attributed to the language of origin. So, glass and Ateljà © are Swedish; they belong to German and not to French language. Besides, certain terms, such as restaurant and cafà ©, have become international and are no longer seen foreign (Schlick, 2002). So, to attribute cafà © or bar to English language can be also discussed as these words have the same form and the same pronunciation in a number of languages (Stewart and Fawcett, 2004). Furthermore, methodological decisions seem to heavily depend on the investigators perspective. In most LL research, the sites of investigation are chosen in central cities because they are the busiest streets or squares according to the scholar. Dimova (2007), for example, opted for a large city situated in central Macedonia. Others, like McArthur (2000), chose the more touristy streets in the city (McArthur, 2000:33). Besides, most studies of shop signs are based on quantitative approach. The perplexing question is whether the selected streets are representative of the whole city. Besides, some scholars tend to include all businesses they encounter; while others like Dimova (2007) limit their counting to only one sign per business. In conclusion, the study of texts on shop signs is difficult because different languages have the same form and pronunciation of certain words. Besides, the representativeness of investigated shop signs can be questioned because the site selection and the sample size depend on the investigators perspective. Moreover, the comparison between certain studies becomes impossible because the unit of analysis differs in scope from one survey to another. 2.6. Language attitude: Language attitude was introduced by the Canadian social psychologist Wallace Lambert. It started to intrigue the sociolinguists only in 1970s. Since then, many sociolinguists have been studying the language attitude that communities share. The mainstream of the studies; whereas, is geared towards attitudes towards speech styles. LL research provides an insight into the actual use of languages in environmental print. But, it does not indicate how these languages are perceived by the local community. The investigation of language attitude would help to produce a more complete picture of multilingualism in the city of Tunis. The present study will not be confined to the mere listing and enumeration of languages. The language used on shop signs is a standing point for a comprehensive understanding of linguistic situation in the city of Tunis. Gorter (2007) ascertains that language used in open environment affects language perception. He maintains that LL has some bearing on peoples perception and attitude about language, influences the use of language in society. He states that [t]he linguistic landscape has an added value because of the impact it can have on the people who see the signs (Gorter, 2007:24). So, the investigation of language attitude of the young expected readers of shop signs would be significant ly relevant to the study of language choice in a multilingual society. It would determine whether there is a nexus between linguistic choice of the shop owner and linguistic preference of young customers in Tunis. It would also examine whether there is a significant effect of visible signage in public space on language beliefs among the young readers (Coulmas, 2009: 28). In other words, it would clarify whether seeing abundant use of foreign terms in public space changes the customers language attitude favorably. The visibility of these scripts on shop marquees in great number must have some bearing on the individuals language attitude. This stems from the belief that Language has a powerful influence over people and their behavior. In a nutshell, the investigation of language attitude would foremost give a more comprehensive insight into the multilingual situation within the territory of Tunis. Baker (1992) states that attitude can be either instrumental or integrative or both. An instrumental language attitude is characterized by a desire to acquire or learn a particular language in order to fulfill material needs. An integrative attitude, on the other hand, reflects a desire to be identified as a member of the culture and community related to the language. According to Baker (1992), the language attitude is a construct of three components: cognition, feelings and readiness for action (Baker, 1992: 13). The cognitive component is made up of the beliefs and opinions about an object. The second component clearly refers to the emotions that the individual feels about that object. The behavioral component refers to ones actions or behavioral intentions towards the object. Questionnaires are generally used to explore one of the intricate and fascinating ways in which language can influence the individuals everyday thoughts, feelings and behavior. This is illustrated in the stat ement of Al-Saidat Emad (2009): An attitude is individual, but it has origins in collective behaviour. In the present study, it is hypothesized that the visibility of English language in streets develops positive attitudes towards English. When language becomes part of the individuals experience, one would embrace it to his/her linguistic repertoire. In conclusion, individual language attitude is a psychological construct that affects the reality of language for the whole society. Its investigation would help to understand the language growth, restoration or destruction. Methodology 3.1. Research questions: Q1: What is the linguistic classification of shop signs in Tunis? Q2 : Are unilingual signs more pervasive than multilingual ones? Q3: What is the most prominent language of store signs in Tunis? Q4: Is English the most attractive language in Tunisian shop signs? 3.2. Research hypotheses: H1: Shop signs in city center of Tunis can be divided into unilingual, bilingual and multilingual signs. H2: Shop owners prefer to mix two or more languages than to use a single language. H3: French is the most frequent language, then English, then Tunisian Arabic in business naming. H4: English is the most attractive language in Tunisian shop signs. Linguistic data: will be captured by a digital camera from two central shopping streets in Tunis City: Habib Bourguiba Avenue and Paris Street. More than three shopping centers happen to be situated in the survey area. Accordingly, the present study will compile a large electronic corpus of signs.  All signs of private businesses will be analyzed except those that display brand names. The classification will be according to the language used and the dominant language in each sign. Attitudinal data: will be collected from Tunisian informants through a questionnaire designed to investigate their attitudes towards the languages seen on shop signs: Tunisian Arabic, French and English. The investigation of language attitude can be at all the linguistic levels: accent, grammar, pronunciation, spelling, etc (Garrett: 2010). The present study will tackle how people perceive languages used on shop signs in terms of words and spelling. The research instrument is a questionnaire. The sample: will consist of pupils and students selected in the survey area. This study is interested in the language perception of youth. So, the age of the respondents will range from 15 to 25 years old. The selection will be based on convenience sampling. The questionnaire: comprises two parts. The first section consists of ten items that examine how young people perceive the languages used on shop signs in general. The measurement is five-point Likert Scale. The second part consists of multiple choice questions. The choices are real shop names that are seen in the survey area. This section is an evaluation of the responses given in the first part of the questionnaire. It examines how the informants perceive words from Tunisian Arabic, French and English in terms of likes and dislikes.

Early Autum Essay

Langston Hughes short story â€Å"Early Autumn† demonstrates how distance and time can heal a broken heart. The main character Bill illustrates his distance from Mary showing that he has moved on with his life and relationship. The symbolism in Langston Hughes short story â€Å"Early Autumn† reveals the coldness and distance Bill has towards his and Mary’s once relationship. Hughes writes, â€Å"It was late afternoon. Nearly sunset. Cold. † (Hughes, n. d. , para 4) is a perfect example of Bill’s and Mary’s lost relationship. The sunset symbolizes the darkness and coldness in Bill and Mary’s now relationship. Bill is unable to see anything other than a casual friendship with Mary. The coldness has moved in and fall has packed her bags and winter has now arrived to take up residence. The trees are bare and lifeless, it resembles how Bill feels towards the relationship him and Mary once shared, he is emotionless almost lifeless towards Mary. For Bill the darkness is so thick he is unable to see anything in front of him. This woman standing before him may have been someone he once knew a long time ago but she is now someone he no longer recognizes. It’s like the grim reaper had made his appearance taking any life and happiness that had been for Bill and Mary’s once relationship. For Bill that part of his life had been buried and laid to rest a long time ago. The handshake symbolizes the finality of the once relationship for Bill. Mary still clings to the hope that Bill has feelings for her upon seeing him again (â€Å"Unconsciously, she lifted her face as though wanting a kiss, but he held out his hand. Hughes, n. d. , para 3). Bill extends his hand to Mary almost instantly severing any idea of romanticism that Mary could have possibly had. Bill extends his hand to Mary almost instantly severing any idea of romanticism that Mary could have possibly had. Bill’s almost business like handshake shows that he doesn’t foster the same ideas or cling to the same memories that Mary does. Bill treats Mary as a colleague, not someone he one shared such an intimate part of himself with. He buried his feelings for Mary the day she gave up on him and their relationship. He now only sees Mary as an acquaintance. The unknown people walking around symbolize how Bill and Mary really no longer know each other. Standing talking to Mary in the hustle and bustle of the New York City streets, (â€Å"A great many people went past them through the park. People they didn’t know† Hughes, n. d. , para 4). Throughout the years that past and the lives they have lived people have weaved in and out. They now both lived two separate lives; Bills life was full of happiness and Mary’s life full of regret. But standing there on the street that day they were strangers themselves. Many years passing just like the people passing by on the busy city street. Even though knowing each other, sharing stories and lives with each other once upon a time, having an intimacy knowing each other in and out. Distance, time and experience have made them different people almost foreign to each other in a way. They are no longer the people they once knew now they are strangers much like the people weaving in and out on the busy streets. The use of Bill’s wife’s name symbolizes his happiness with his marriage and his wife. Bill has made a life for himself and is a very happy man. He tells Mary of this life and of his family with such enthusiasm and pride that you can tell he is right where he wants to be. When talking with Mary at one point Bill mentions his wife by name, Mary on the other hand seems to forget her that she husband. Not once during her and Bill’s conversation does she mention him by name. (â€Å"Sure,† he replied. â€Å"You and your husband must have dinner with my family some night. Any night. Lucille and I’d love to have you. † Hughes, n. d. , para 7). Bill invites Mary and her husband to his house for dinner and calls his wife by name. Saying (â€Å"Lucille and I’d love to have you†. ) Bill added a hidden intimacy for his wife by calling her by name. Letting Mary know then and there he loved his wife, by stating her name brought a reality to the fantasy for Mary. Ending and crushing any hope Mary may had clung to. Bill was happy and enjoyed his life; never once regretting his decision’s. Whereas Mary will live with regret for the rest of her life. I truly enjoyed this short story; I think a majority of people can relate. For me it was the lost love or the one who got away. I think that everyone in some way has had this happen to them I know that I have. I can relate to Bill, I can understand how he loved someone so much and they could just move on so easily without so much as a single word. Having your trust broken and it taking years before you can trust someone again is a long and painful road. I think love and relationships are something a lot of people take for granted now a days. Fighting over petty things, putting material possessions over human worth seems to be the norm for most relationships now a days. Fighting with someone and instead of talking it over or working it out; people holding grudges or moving on without so much as a single word uttered. But for Bill it worked out he found love, true love. I think for me the story showed that sometimes it takes a couple of wrong ones until your find the right one. To not let one bad experience jade you for the rest of your life because at the end of it all there is always a silver lining.

Aircraft Mechanics and Aircraft Inspectors

7315 Aircraft Mechanics and Aircraft Inspectors Aircraft mechanics maintain, repair and overhaul aircraft structures, mechanical and hydraulic systems. Aircraft inspectors inspect aircraft and aircraft systems following manufacture, modification, maintenance, repair or overhaul.Common Job Titles Aircraft Maintenance Technician (AMT) Aircraft Structures Technicians (AST) Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME) Avionics Maintenance Technicians (AvMT) Aviation Maintenance Inspector Aircraft Mechanic, Engine Overhaul Aircraft Systems Inspector Certified Aircraft Technician Hydraulics Mechanic Inspector, Flight Test Inspector, Repair and Overhaul Mechanic, Aircraft Maintenance Shop Inspector, Aircraft Repair Typical Employers aircraft and parts manufacturers federal government airline companies service firms to air transport companies defense services Selected Main DutiesAircraft mechanics perform some or all of the following duties: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Troubleshoo t aircraft structural, mechanical or hydraulic systems to identify problems and adjust and repair systems according to specifications and established procedures; Repair and overhaul aircraft structural, mechanical or hydraulic systems; Install or modify aircraft engines or other aircraft systems; Dismantle airframes, aircraft engines or other aircraft systems for repair and overhaul, and reassemble; Work on specific aircraft systems such as engines, engine accessories, airframes or hydraulic systems; Perform and document routine maintenance. ww. ontario. ca/jobfutures  © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2009 Aircraft inspectors perform some or all of the following duties: †¢ †¢ †¢ Inspect structural and mechanical systems of aircraft and certify that these systems meet Transport Canada and company standards of performance and safety; Inspect work of aircraft mechanics performing maintenance, repair and overhaul, or modification of aircraft and aircraft mechanical systems to ensure adherence to standards and procedures; Maintain detailed repair, inspection and certification records and reports.Operations, which are carried out mostly in hangars, expose workers to noise, vibration, liquids, fumes and other hazards requiring the use of safety equipment and clothing. A five-day, 40-hour workweek including shift work and overtime is normal. Education/Training Aircraft Maintenance Technician (AMT) A minimum of high school education as well as a community college certificate in aircraft maintenance is required.Most colleges are dual- accredited by both Transport Canada and Canadian Aviation Maintenance Council (CAMC), meaning that graduates get credit for the technical examination towards Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME) licensing and credit towards CAMC certification as an aircraft maintenance technician. Aircraft Structures Technician (AST) The minimum education level is high school plus a formal community college training program in aircraft structures.Most colleges are dual accredited by Transport Canada and CAMC meaning that graduates get credit for the technical examination toward Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME) licensing and credit toward CAMC certification as an aircraft maintenance technician. Several years of on the job training are then required to gain the necessary experience for CAMC certification and/or Transport Canada licensing. Experienced structures technicians with the equivalent of three years of documented experience can apply for an S category licence.Avionics Maintenance Technician (AvMT) There are basically two types of avionics maintenance technicians. One works at a bench/station in the electrical/avionics backshop where tests are conducted with specialized test equipment, and repairs are made or parts replaced. The second type of technician works in line maintenance and is a specialist in trouble shooting and solving avionics problems at the â€Å"gate†. The minimum education level i s high school with good physics and mathematics attributes.A structured community college certificate is also required or a recognized apprenticeship program. Most colleges are dual accredited by Transport Canada and CAMC meaning that graduates get credit for the technical examination towards Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME) licensing and credit towards CAMC certification as an aircraft maintenance technician. After two to three years experience, the technician can apply for CAMC certification. After the equivalent of four years experience, an avionics epair technician can apply for an E category licence. Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME) Page 2 www. ontario. ca/jobfutures After the equivalent of four years on the job experience, an aircraft maintenance technician can apply for an AME licence. An M1 or M2 license is awarded depending on the aircraft size for which the job experience applies. Military aircraft technicians can apply for a civil AME after civil aircraft experience is obtained.Aviation Maintenance Inspector Completion of secondary school is required. Candidates must have industry qualifications such as CAMC certification or CAMC-approved experience and training or an Aviation Maintenance Engineer (AME) licence. They must obtain an Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection Certificate for the types of aircraft and power plants upon which the candidate is normally employed. Supervisor experience is often desired by industry for this occupation.Candidates are required to have one year’s experience performing aviation maintenance inspections on aeronautical product, and must possess formalized aviation-related trade qualifications such as an AME license or CAMC certification or a candidate must have five years of on-the-job experience performing aviation maintenance inspections in aeronautical products An apprenticeship training program exists in Ontario for aircraft maintenance engineer but certification is not a compulsory work requirement in the province.Entry to apprenticeship requires a job and usually completion of Grade 12. The apprentice applies directly to the employer, union or joint industry committee for an apprenticeship opening. Students who have completed Grade 10 have an opportunity to become registered apprentices while finishing high school under the Ontario Youth Apprenticeship Program. Alternatively, entry into apprenticeship can be pursued through pre-apprenticeship training. Employment ProspectOver the next five years: Average Opportunities for employment in this occupation are expected to be average over the period from 2009 to 2013. Despite the recent difficulties facing many North American airlines, the demand for more skilled workers, particularly in the maintenance sector is increasing. In addition, an aging workforce will create additional job opportunities through retirements. Industry growth and demographics will require that the aviation sector recruit and train sufficient new entrants with t he appropriate skills in order to prevent self-induced shrinkage in that sector.According to the CAMC, unless significant and fundamental changes occur now, shortages of Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AMEs) and non-AME technicians will be widespread across the maintenance sub-sector through to 2015. Employment prospects will also continue to be good for these workers since many students with the aptitude to work on planes are choosing instead to go to university or work in computer related fields. Aircraft Maintenance Technician (unlicensed) are expected to posses the skills and knowledge of a licensed AME (Aircraft Maintenance Engineer).Employers place considerable emphasis on attitude, teamwork skills and technical knowledge. Aircraft Structures Technician (unlicensed) will need to acquire experience in structures such as composite repairs in addition to aluminium sheet metal and steel as demand for lap joint repairs falls in newer aircrafts. Avionics Maintenance Technician (unli censed) will need to obtain skills in line maintenance and troubleshooting as more elaborate electrical systems are installed on new aircrafts. Page 3 www. ontario. ca/jobfuturesAviation Maintenance Inspector will become the â€Å"super AME† possessing in-depth knowledge of all of an aircraft’s various systems. Aviation maintenance inspectors will be supported by a team of specialist system technicians. Characteristics of Occupation Estimated Employment in 2006 4,295 General Characteristics Male Female Full-Time Part-Time Self Employed Employees Unemployment Rate Main Industries of Employment Transportation and Warehousing Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Public Administration Wholesale Trade All Other Industries %) 96 4 95 3 5 95 2 (%) 54 22 11 4 9 (%) This Occupation 9 7 2 46 9 11 3 (%) All Occupations 10 3 3 45 10 11 5 Employment by Economic Region Ottawa Kingston – Pembroke Muskoka – Kawarthas Toronto Kitchener – Waterloo – B arrie Hamilton – Niagara Peninsula London Page 4 www. ontario. ca/jobfutures Windsor – Sarnia Stratford – Bruce Peninsula Northeast Northwest 1 2 5 5 5 2 4 2 Income Annual Average Employment Income of Persons Employed Full-Time Full-Year in 2005 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 This Occupation All Occupations $58,294 $56,033Additional Information Sources Additional information about this occupation can be obtained from the following web sites: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Aerospace Industries Association of Canada (www. aiac. ca) Canadian Aviation Maintenance Council (www. camc. ca) Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities (www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/training/apprenticeship/appren. html) Transport Canada (www. tc. gc. ca) Page 5 www. ontario. ca/jobfutures Page 6 www. ontario. ca/jobfutures Page 7 www. ontario. ca/jobfutures

Prison Socialization And The Correctional Institution

Introduction Academics have endeavoured to research and identify models of imprisonment connected with variations in prisoner behaviour within the correctional institution. (Cao, Zhao, Dine, 1997). In corrections institutions there have been two established, yet divided viewpoints which are the â€Å"importation and deprivation† models of imprisonment. Sometimes, in overcrowded prison systems, managing harmony and continuity is vital for both correctional officers and inmates. A disciplinary action against inmates is usually the primary instrument used by corrections officers to ensure harmony in the prison environment. These actions are vital for correction staff, as this shows the prisoners adaption to the correctional system. This essay will define and distinguish between these two models of imprisonment. Importation Model The term importation model was first coined in the 1960s by Donald Cressey and John Irwin who contested the current indigenous origin/deprivation models by proposing a revolutionary unlike exposition named the importation model. This focuses on the effect of prior to prison socialization experiences as pivotal in framing the development in regards to prisoner sub-cultures. 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