Design of Carburetors for Aircraft Application

Introduction A carburetor is a constituent or device which largely used on reciprocating or Piston engine. They are an of import device which mixed or blends fuel and air for an internal burning of the engine. Internal burning engine refers to an engine in which burning is intermittent such as the more familiar four and two stroke Piston engines along with the discrepancies such as six stroke Piston engine. Carburetors are classified as updraft or downdraft depending on the way of the air flow through the device. Most carburetors are the updraft type. All carburetors meter fuel and atomise it into the air to do a combustible mixture. In theory, the fuel/air mixture making each cylinder is indistinguishable in volume and ingestion. In world, both the volume and composing vary because the different distances travelled through the initiation manifold and force per unit areas exerted by the fumes system.Aircraft APPLICATIONSNew category of jobs for both engine and carburetor interior decorators created during the first aircraft engines, outside of those surface-bound vehicles. The chief complications were the deficiencies of apprehension of the temperature, force per unit area, air denseness, humidness, in add-on the velocity that these influence alterations while in flight. During 1918, the Bureau of Standards for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics accomplished a series of eng ine public presentation trials. The intent was to find the fluctuation in atmospheric force per unit area and temperature at assorted highs above the earth’s surface, with the alterations in public presentation ensuing from the variables within the carburetor itself and particular orientation to the variables impacting the operation of the carburetor. The study, published as Technical Report No. 48 in the NACA Fourth Annual Report, titled Carburetting Conditions Characteristics of Aircraft Engines, by Percival S. Tice. This work resulted in the undermentioned illations:The mixture ratio ( air/fuel ratio ) should be changeless at all heights for maximal power at all degrees.A alteration in fuel viscousness due to temperature alteration may be an of import metering feature of the carburetor.Constantly, there is wasted fuel when the carburetor does non rectify for barometric alterations.Heating of the fuel–air mixture causes a power loss accompanied by an addition in the specific fuel ingestion, with the available fuels.A 2nd probe made by the Bureau of Standards between October 1919, and May 1923, reported in the tenth NACA Annual Report of 1924 as Technical Report No. 189, Relation of Fuel–air Ratio on Engine Performance, by Stanwood W. Sparrow, replies to the undermentioned inquiries:What fuel–air ratio gives maximal power?Does a alteration in air force per unit area or temperature, such as those encountered in flight, impact the value of this ratio appreciably?What per centum of its maximal power does an engine develop when supplied with a mixture giving minimal specific fuel ingestion?The study concluded that:With gasolene as the fuel, fuel–air mixtures from 0.07 to 0.08 lbs fuel per pound. of air consequences in maximal power.Maximal power is obtained when about the same ratio is obtained over the scope of air force per unit areas and temperatures encountered in flight.Decreasing the fuel content of the charge until the po wer is 95 % of its maximal value provides the best specific fuel ingestion.PrincipleThe carburetor works on Bernoulli ‘s rule which is the faster the air moves, the inactive force per unit area will be lower while the dynamic force per unit area will be higher. The accelerator or gas pedal linkage does non command the flow of liquid fuel straight. As an option, they really actuates the carburetor mechanisms which will meter the flow of the air as they were being pulled into the engine. Once carburetors are used on aircraft with reciprocating engines, characteristics and particular designs are required to forestall from fuel famishment during an upside-down flight. Most manufactured carburetted as opposed to fuel-injected engines have a similar consumption manifold that transports and divides the fuel and air mixture to the consumption valves and a individual carburetor. Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top of the carburetor. This gives rather a good advantage of ne'er â€Å" deluging † the engine, as any fuel droplets would fall out of the carburetors alternatively of into the consumption manifold ; it besides lent itself to utilize of an oil bath air cleansing agent, where a pool of oil below a mesh component below the carburetor is sucked up into the mesh and the air is drawn through the oil-covered mesh ; this was an effectual system in a clip when paper air filters did non be. Get downing in the late 1930s, downdraft carburetors were the most popular type for automotive usage in the United States. In Europe, the side bill of exchange carburetors replaced downdraft as free infinite in the engine bay decreased and the usage of the SU-type carburetor ( and similar units from other makers ) increased. Some little propeller-driven aircraft engines still use the updraft carburetor design. Outboard motor carburetors are typically side bill of exchange, because they must be stacked one on top of the other in order to feed the cylinders in a vertically oriented cylinder block. The chief disadvantage of establishing a carburettor’s operation on Bernoulli ‘s Principle is that, being a fluid dynamic device, the force per unit area decrease in a Venturi tends to be relative to the square of the consumption air velocity. The fuel jets are much smaller and limited chiefly by viscousness, so that the fuel flow tends to be relative to the force per unit area difference. So jets sized for full power tend to hunger the engine at lower velocity and portion accelerator. Most normally this has been corrected by utilizing multiple jets. In SU and other movable jet carburetors, it was corrected by changing the jet size. For cold starting, a different rule was used in multi-jet carburetors. A flow resisting valve called a choking coil, similar to the accelerator valve, was placed upstream of the chief jet to cut down the consumption force per unit area and suck extra fuel out of the jets.CarburetorCarburetors are classified as updraft or downdraft depending o n the way air flows through the device. Most carburetors are the updraft type. All carburetors meter fuel and atomise it into the air to do a combustible mixture. In theory, the fuel/air mixture making each cylinder is indistinguishable in volume and composing. In world, both the volume and composing vary because of the different distances travelled through the initiation manifold and force per unit areas exerted by the fumes system.Principles OF CARBURETTORS VENTURIAll carburetors depend on the differential force per unit area created by a Venturi to meter the proper sum of fuel for a volume of air. When air flows through a Venturi, its velocity additions while both force per unit area and temperature lessening. To command the volume of air that passes through a Venturi, all carburetors are equipped with a throttle valve. The throttle valve ( or butterfly valve ) is a pilot-controllable restrictor home base installed between the Venturi and the engine. When the accelerator valve is to the full opened ( parallel to the air flow ) , the maximal volume of air and fuel enter the engine. In this instance, the lone constituent that limits the volume of air come ining the engine is the Venturi. However, as the accelerator valve is moved to its closed place ( perpendicular to the air flow ) less air is admitted and engine power is reduced. The size and form of the Venturi is designed for the demands of the engine. Carburetors on similar engines might look to be indistinguishable, but the size of the Venturi could be different. Always guarantee that you are put ining the right device on an engine. Figure 1 shows when the accelerator valve is parallel to the air flow, the maximal volume of air and fuel enters the engine. When the accelerator valve is near perpendicular to the air flow, less air and fuel enter the engine.THE SYSTEMS OF CARBURETTORTo supply an engine with the necessary fuel for proper operation under assorted engine tonss, velocities, and air densenesss, most carburetors include the undermentioned five systems:Main meteringIdlingMixture controlAcceleratingPower enrichment or economiserThe building and rule of operation of each of these systems varies depending on the type of carburetor. The undermentioned subjects describe each system in relation to its usage in float-type and pressure-injection carburetors. The size and form of the Venturi is designed for the demands of the engine. Carburetors on similar engines might look to be indistinguishable, but the size of the Venturi could be different. Always guarantee that you are put ining the right device on an engin e.THE FLOAT-TYPE CARBURETORSThe float-type carburetor is named after the constituent used to modulate the fuel that enters the carburetor. Fuel is stored in a float chamber, the sum controlled by a float-operated needle valve installed in the fuel recess. As fuel enters the chamber, the float rises and the needle valve begins to shut. After the fuel reaches an established degree, the place of the float wholly closes the needle valve and the flow of fuel Michigans. The carburetor float is typically constructed of brass or a composite stuff. Brass floats are hollow, and the air sealed indoors provides perkiness. A composite float can be hollow or solid. When the float solid, air trapped in the pores of the composite stuff provides perkiness. As the volume of fuel alterations in a float chamber, the volume of air besides changes. A blowhole maintains ambient force per unit area in the float chamber as the fuel degree rises and falls. All float Chamberss are vented to ambient force per unit area. In figure 2, the float carburetors store a measure of fuel in a float chamber. The sum of fuel in the float chamber is controlled by a float-actuated needle valve. Figure 3 The figure 3 above visualize of the Float Level, Main Metering Jet and Discharge Nozzle. Please be reminded that the fuel degree in the fuel bowl is somewhat below the fuel discharge nozzle gap and is identified by the missive ‘h’ .THE BASIC AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEMThe fuel circuit includes the parts and shrieking necessary to present fuel to the carburetor fuel recess, at the proper force per unit area and volume. The fuel admitted through the float-type carburetor recess valve is reduced to atmospheric force per unit area as the fuel bowl blowhole to the air recess canal. Figure 4 As the fuel bowl fills, the float rises with the fuel degree until the fuel degree in the fuel bowl is somewhat below the degree of the discharge nose and one time at the right degree, the float is high plenty to shut the recess valve, halting fuel flow into the carburetor at a precise tallness. This prevents fuel leaks into the consumption manifold when the engine is non running. Fuel can non come in the consumption system unless consumption manifold suction is sufficiently strong plenty to raise the fuel up to the tallness of the discharge nozzle gaps. On its manner to the discharge nose, extra jets control the rate of fuel flow and force per unit area, as necessary. The bead in fuel force per unit area through the recess valve classifies the valve as a jet.MAIN METERING OF FLOAT TYPE CARBURETTORThe chief metering system supplies the engine with the right sum of fuel for all velocities above idle. The system consists of one or more venturi tubings, the chief metering jet and discha rge noses, and the throttle valve. Fuel metering begins at the Venturi. In some carburetors, a individual Venturi is deficient to make an equal force per unit area bead to meter fuel. In this instance, a encouragement Venturi is installed frontward of the primary Venturi. The discharge nozzle delivers fuel from the float chamber to the consumption air. For an engine at remainder, the fuel in the discharge nose is even with the degree in the float chamber. In most instances, the fuel degree is about 1/8 inch below the gap of the discharge nose. This distance is referred to as the fuel metering caput and is designed to forestall fuel from leaking from the carburetor when the engine is non runing. 1

Abortion: Pro Life or Pro Choice? Essay

The issue of abortion is one of the most contentious, and emotive dilemmas faced by modern societies (Devanny, 2000). Women should have the right to choose whether or not they want to continue or terminate their pregnancy. Since the infamous Supreme Court case of Roe vs. Wade, women were given the right to choose what’s best for them and their unborn child even if it means to end life. Since abortion became illegal, there have been many debates between pro choice and pro life that women have the right to choose but in the process they are killing a living human being. Pro Choice Women all over the world should have the right to a safe, legal, and accessible abortion (Lee, 2007). Pro choice groups agree that it’s the women’s right to decide whether or not to bring a child into this world is a personal matter and we shouldn’t try to interfere with her right to choose. Statistics have should that when abortion is made illegal and inaccessible to women, she would turn to every unsafe procedure in order to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. Women may attempt to induce miscarriages or will try to self terminate the pregnancy by using home remedies. If this happens complications may include inflammation, hemorrhaging, kidney failure, infertility complications, and may also result in death. Each year it has been estimated that 78,000 deaths occur due to homemade abortions. In the cases of rape or incest, forcing a woman who got pregnant in a violent act would cause more psychological damage to them. In these types of cases, abortion is best option which will allow the victim to not bring a child into this world which was conceived through a violent crime. See more: Unemployment – problems and solutions essay Pro Life Abortion is a tragedy; there are far too many in the United State today (Chittom, 2007). Since the landmark Supreme Court case of Roe vs. Wade which gave the right for women to seek medical help for terminating a pregnancy. The debate between pro life and pro choice has been going on for years. Pro life groups have made continuous efforts to inform women who are contemplating abortion to consider the consequence that come with it. Some pro life women who had abortions have experienced some emotional, psychological, physical, and spiritual scars that stay with them for the rest of their lives. Depression and other stress related illness have derived from abortions. Due to abortions, mental health services costs have increased to women suffering from post-abortion trauma. Studies have shown that abortions can lead to medical complications later on life which included the risks of ectopic pregnancies, pelvic inflammatory diseases, and a chance of miscarriages with future pregnancies, Pro life movements have expressed that life begins at conception and getting an abortion is like committing murder. Abortion Debated Abortion is an option that must remain accessible to women if they decide to choose to terminate the pregnancy. Before abortion was legalized woman waited longer before deciding to seek abortion which makes it more dangerous to the welfare of the mother and child. Abortion can also be present psychological pain and stress that comes after abortion. Abortion is important option to women who faces an unplanned pregnancy. Some argue that a child who is unwanted should not be brought into this world. Pro lifers look at a child as blessing and there are many other options that will allow you to get rid of any unwanted pregnancy. Adoption should be considered for women who don’t want to terminate their pregnancy to give their child up to people who will give them the love and care that they deserve. The most heated debate between pro life and pro choice is rape. Pro choice forces believe that a woman who has suffered through rape or other violent crimes should be able to terminate the unwanted pregnancy with no remorse. Pro life forces believe that the rapist should be punished not the child. Terminating the pregnancy punishes an innocent child not the rapist. Conclusion The battle between for pro life and pro choice has been debated for years. It’s up the women to do what she thinks is necessary when it comes to unwanted pregnancies. Since the 1973 case of Roe vs. Wade, many have taken sides for and against abortion. Is it right for the federal government to interfere with a women’s right to choose life or not? This debate will continue for until the end of time. Who are we to say who’s right and who’s wrong when it comes to abortion? References: Lee, M. (2007) Point: Abortion is a Health and Human Right Issue. Points of View: Abortion. Retrieved on June 28, 2009 from the Points of View Reference Center Database Chittom, Lynn-nore. (2007) Counterpoint: Why Women Should Choose Not to Abort. Points of View: Abortion. Retrieved on June 28, 2009 from Points of View Reference Database Wilson, Brian. (2007) Counterpoint: Outlawing Abortion. Points of View: Abortion. Retrieved on August 14, 2009 from the Points of View Reference Center Database Anderson, Tim (2007) Point: The Right to Safe and Legal Abortion. Points of View: Abortion. Retrieved on August 13, 2009 from the Points of View Reference Center Database. Devanny, Joe (2009). Should abortion be permitted? Retrieved from www.idebate.org Lowen, Linda Ten Arguments for Abortion and Against Abortion Retrieved on August 12, 2009 from www.womenissues.about.com

Improved communication technology and transport Essay

People can live and work anywhere they want to choose, because of improved communication technology and transport, do the advantage of this development outweigh disadvantages? Until a few decades ago, the majority of workers commuted to their work places in order to perform their job abilities. As information technology has become more common in our life, this phenomenon has changed. Instead of wasting employees’ valuable time on commuting to and from corporates, quite a number of companies are establishing and offering a chance of remote working to their employees. In this essay, advantages and disadvantages regarding this ongoing trend is posed with some applicable supports. To begin with, remote work provides job opportunities to dual income parents who have young children to look after, and it would remove geographical boundaries which allow corporates to recruiting highly skilled professionals or relatively cheap workers from overseas. Secondly, there would be a significant increase in employees’ productivity. According to a report from the USA, numerous experts have contended that an increase of 20 percent in workers’ productivity can be expected due to less time spending in commuting and more flexible working hours. Moreover, since there would be less need for having a huge office that requires expensive rent and fees for facilities, cost reduction is expected to corporates. Lastly, due to a consumption of fossil fuel is the main cause of global warming and air pollution, working from home can reduces gas-intensive commutes, and energy using in buildings. Be that as it may, there are several drawbacks have also been reported. An expert from IT industry has argued that reduced human contact can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation due to a lack of face-to-face interaction. Furthermore, misinterpretation can occur between employees and there would be difficulties for managers to supervise employees’ job performance when people only communicate and work via online. Finally, the benefits which the company generates as a result of telecommuting can be offset by an increase in employees’ home facility costs for remote work.

Creative story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creative story - Essay Example He had planned to take him and his friends on a tour to Chicago a place his young son had always dreamt of going to. John and his friend Peter matched out of the classroom towards the gate with happy faces on them as they tried to fantasize of the events of the big day ahead. The hard work of John was going to be rewarded and for once in his life the adage that states ‘Hard work never goes unrewarded’ was making sense On that day, John and peter decided to board a public vehicle instead of the school bus since they wanted to stop over in the neighboring town to pick up a friend. They did not have the slightest idea of the misfortunes that be-waited them in the next fears minutes. A personal vehicle stopped at the bus station and waved at them and thinking that the driver was a good person they accepted the offer for the lift. They guy looked young, handsome and friendly but the English men never missed the mark when they said all that glitters is not gold. Upon reaching their destination, John requested the driver to stop but he could not listen. He accelerated the vehicle and showed a deaf ear to request of the now frightened kids. The man continued driving and the kids kept on asking him to stop but he paid no attention to them. He kept driving and when darkness fell in, John began having the idea that things were now in total mess and something bad was about to happen. The vehicle came to a sudden stop and the two kids were forced out of the vehicle. The man who had seemed an angel at first became the worst beast John had ever met in his life. He matched them into the darkness using a spot light and John was now sure that they had been kidnapped. The man handled them mercilessly as they walked into the thorny bushes. Feelings of resentment and despair filled John and he began regretting having not boarded the school bus. They finally they arrived at the unknown destination and they were locked up

Achondroplasia Dwarfism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Achondroplasia Dwarfism - Research Paper Example The DNA segments carried on the chromosomes are known as genes that codes for proteins to help build and maintain the cells and pass on the traits or characteristics like eye color, height etc. to future generations. (Louis E. Bartoshesky, Teens Health, April 2009). DNA comprises of four chemicals adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) that combine to form proteins that in turn help the body to develop and grow. Diseases that arise due to the change in the genetic material of an individual are known as genetic disorders. Some genetic disorders can be harmless while other can be more serious. These disorders are of four types that can be passed on from ancestors while other may be caused due to environmental or chemical factors (Robin Doak, 2). These genetic disorders are of four types: 1. Single – gene / Mendelian / Monogenic is the mutation or change that occurs in single gene of DNA sequence. Mutation in a single gene stops its normal functioning thus causing disorder. There are more than 5000 types of single gene disorders. There are different types of single gene disorders (Robin L. Bennett, 23): Autosomal dominant where only one abnormal from one parent is enough to cause the disorder. Autosomal recessive where two mutated genes are required to cause the disorder. X-linked dominant and recessive caused by mutation of X chromosomes. Y-linked caused by mutation of Y chromosome... Dwarfism is a skeletal deformity usually inherited resulting in short stature of adults that is caused due to genetic or medical disorders where the average height of an adult is 4 feet 10 inches (William A. Petit, Christine A. Adamec, 69). There are almost 200 different types of dwarfism that are categorized into two forms: Proportionate form of dwarfism has overall small structure. Primordial dwarfism, Seckel syndrome etc. Disproportionate form of dwarfism has one or more body parts large or small than average size adult. Achondroplasia also known as ACH, Chondrodystrophia fetalis, Chondrodystrophy syndrome, Congenital osteosclerosis, Dwarf achondroplastic or Osteosclerosis congenital is the most common disproportionate form of dwarfism where converting the cartilage into bone (ossification) is affected. It comprises of almost 50 percent of all cases of dwarfism. It is a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder affecting the cartilage and bone growth (Joseph Anthony Joyce). There are 1 in 15,000 to 25,000 birth chances to be affected with this disorder worldwide. Dr. Johm Wasmuth along with his group of scientists found in 1994 that mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor -3 (FGFR3) genes of human chromosome 4 cause achondroplasia (Who discovered it Website). The signs and symptoms of achondroplasia are: Large head with prominent forehead and Arms and legs are shorter compared to the trunk. Space between ring and middle fingers with abnormal appearance. Lesser elbow movement Bowing legs (genu varum) Muscle tone decrease Achondroplasia can be detected by prenatal ultrasound showing excessive amniotic fluid along with a DNA test to detect homozygosity (two copies of mutated genes are inherited which is fatal). Common medical

Subsidiarity and EU Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Subsidiarity and EU Law - Essay Example The role of the judiciary and the future of the ECJ were not given prominence in the workings of the European Convention. This is further borne out by the fact that in outlining the responses of the Constitutional Convention to the Laeken declaration, the preface to Parts I and II of the draft Constitution states that the Constitution "establishes the necessary measures to improve the structure and enhance the role of each of the Union's three institutions, taking account, in particular, of the consequences of enlargement". The reason for this omission of any reference to the ECJ is that the Laeken declaration identified themes and challenges which were mainly political in nature and, consequently the focus was on the political institutions of the EU. In addition, the workings of the ECJ and the future of its judicial architecture had been extensively considered in the Treaty of Nice. Hence, it was thought to be unnecessary to consider these issues once again. Jurisdictionally, the ECJ's role is limited to providing clarification to EU Law, referred to it by the National Courts. The competence and power to make factual determinations, application of the law to the facts of the case and finding remedies are vested with the National Courts. The ECJ's supremacy in respect of issues involving the EU Law is accepted by the National Courts; however, the ECJ depends on these very same National Courts to implement its recommendations and rulings. It is here that the National Courts covertly interpret the ECJ Rulings to their advantage. In this manner the ECJ is compelled to engage in a cajolatory and conciliatory relation with the National Courts to achieve compliance with its rulings. The European Union's basic principle of federalism is defined by the principle of subsidiarity. The European Court of Justice has to adopt this principle in its rulings. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 has bestowed upon this principle of subsidiarity the status of a fundamental norm of the European Union. This principle requires the Community to act whenever; the Member States are not able to achieve the objectives of some proposed action, due to the enormity of the relevant factors involved and the like. This principle further has a normative quality in respect of politics and as expressed in the preamble to the Treaty of the European Union it requires decisions to be taken with as much proximity to the individual citizens as possible. The consequences of the principle of subsidiarity are not yet settled, although it has been confirmed that this principle can be implemented in law, the ECJ has to instil this principle with sufficient substantive content. Even though the ECJ is not legally bound by subsidiarity, all the same it has to take cognizance of the Constitutional values which this principle encompasses. The division of judicial roles under Article 234 embodies judicial subsidiarity in which responsibility for decision making is allocated between the National Courts and the ECJ, according to comparative institutional expertise. The ECJ has numerous reasons to defer action on any matter. The ECJ is at liberty to interpret the law in a manner, which is based on factual issues by generalizing (Marschall). However, such rulings rest on unsubstantiated assumptions, which are incompatible with

LMU college essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LMU college - Essay Example As a young person, I have a social life to lead, while at the same time I have my career goals to achieve. It is obvious that at this point, many people tend to suffer the effects of peer pressure from their fellow age mates, thus losing the focus of their career goals. However, for psycho-social development, it is imperative that a person at my age is subjected to a proper relationship with his peers to achieve a proper psycho-social development. This is a challenging situation for most youths and it requires application of critical thinking. Taking both scenarios in to consideration, I applied critical thinking, while using my intelligence integrated with character. To begin with, when I was making my daily time-table schedule, I began by giving the most imperative issues in life the highest priority: The most important issue in my life is my education at this time; this is followed by my psycho-social development, which basically involves spending time with relatives and friends. Therefore, on my daily schedule time table, I ensured that all issues ascribed to my academic work are given the first priority and adequate time. This was then followed by the time I spend with relatives and friends consecutively. Other miscellaneous activities such as watching movies, physical fitness sessions were given the last priority on my time-table; however adequate time was allocated for these activities. In order to be successful in formulating personal operational plans, one has to apply intelligence, while also taking into consideration his character: In my case, I applied my intelligence in creating a time-table and allocating adequate time for each daily activity. However, a great sense of care was taken in order to ensure that none of the activities collided with each other. My intelligence also played a crucial is evaluating what seems to be important in my life at this particular time and what

Battered women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Battered women - Research Paper Example A report published in the year 2008 showed that the number of women who suffered injuries at the hands of their intimate partners was 2 million ( The Facts). These statistics show how serious and life threatening the problem of domestic violence is for a woman. Steps like implementing laws against violence, victim support programs, teaching the youngsters the wrongness of violence etc., have been taken to reduce the domestic violence ( The Facts). However, many a times, even after providing social and legal support, a woman chooses not to report violence against her. This is because the women who are battered are victim not only of the violence at the hands of their intimate partners, but also are victims of the psychological pattern, social structure, emotional attachment to the family and the behavior pattern of learned helplessness that they are subconsciously trained to follow. The solution to the domestic violence lies not only in the financial independence of women but also in their emotional and psychological independence. The question as to why a woman stays in a violent relationship is not easy to answer. There are many psychological aspects, both conscious and subconscious, that make a woman to tolerate the violence at the hands of a husband or a boyfriend. When Bandura (1973) studied the history of the women who were the victim of the domestic violence, he found that these women had experienced aggressive behavior and responses to aggressive behavior in their childhood (Walker 2000, p.104). The childhood experience had ‘trained’ the women suffering from domestic violence to psychologically and emotionally cope with the violence they were suffering. Also, Walker (1979) found that what made

United Nations Conventions on Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

United Nations Conventions on Contract - Essay Example In the first case under consideration, SamCo & DeanCo appear to be the parties to the contract, where a deal in respect of buying and selling five dark blue bonnets was to be executed. Similarly, the second case looks for giving legal advice to the above-described Swedish company SamCo in respect of its deal with the Brazilian reseller company CastielCo. However, before embarking upon the topic under consideration, and providing them with a piece of advice in the light of the Vienna Convention on and International Sale of Goods Contracts, it would be advisable to elucidate the terms that create responsibilities and liabilities to the parties to the contract, in order to explore whether or not any contract has been entered into between the parties, could bind them to execute some specific performance, which is as following: The 1980 Vienna Convention1 provides the parties to the contract with a complete and wide-ranging procedure while entering into a legal relationship between one an other during foreign trades and business ventures. The main objective behind the Vienna Convention includes the protection of the rights and privileges of the individuals on the one hand and enforcement of the promises and agreements the individuals and parties have entered into2 at the international scale on the other. ... nce, deceit and misrepresentation.3 In addition, 1980 Vienna Convention also protects the rights of the people who have either not entered into any contract with the persons and organisations outside their countries, but are falsely claimed to be having entered into the same. Consequently, 1980 Vienna Convention also endorses the statutes of Contract Law, which have defined and determined some conditions, fulfilment of which is vehemently necessary for a valid contract. â€Å"An agreement†, according to section 2 (h) of the English Contract, â€Å"creating obligations to the parties, and enforceable at law is a contract†4 Young (2010) has defined contract in these words: â€Å"A contract is an agreement (usually between two persons) giving rise to obligations on the part of both persons which are enforced or recognised by law†.5 Consequently, social contracts do not create legal enforcement due to the very fact that there is no intention of any legal remedies aga inst non-fulfilment of the same. The same is also applied to the international contracts, all of which aim to create legal responsibilities on the parties to the contract. Vienna Convention, according to its statutes, applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States.6 In order to comprehend with the elements of an international contract, it is essential to explore the basics of an agreement. According to English Contract Law, â€Å"Every agreement is a contract if it is made by the free consent of the parties, competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and not hereby expressly declared to be void.†7 In other words, a valid contract maintains the following elements in it; accomplishment of all of them is essential for making it an

The International Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The International Debt Crisis - Essay Example After World War 2, the Bretton Woods system was established and followed by many nations for years till is a collapse in 1971. The Bretton Woods system was related to fixed exchange rate; linked to the reserve of gold held by the country. The system operated as the value of the dollar was kept almost constant and any fluctuation in the exchange rates between the dollar and other currencies was accordingly countered by the central banks of the related countries.   If the dollar experienced a decrease in value, the central bank of the country would act so as to counter the effects of this fall in value by selling more of its own currency to decrease its value and maintain the value of the dollar to its previous level. This system functioned because of the willingness and ability of other nations to help maintain the value of the dollar. However, in 1971 when the United States experienced a fall in the value of the dollar the countries did not act to maintain the value of the dollar. ...  Finally, the Bretton Woods system was abolished in 1971 and the floating exchange rate system was introduced where the value of the dollar was allowed to fluctuate in the money market.   THE OIL PRICE HIKE AND ITS EFFECTS  The increase in the prices oil in the 1970s was massive enough to create a ruffle in the economies of many countries throughout the world. The oil-exporting nations experienced a huge capital inflow due to the increase in prices whereas the oil-importing countries (which included many developing nations) experienced noticeable capital outflow and oil inflation in their respective economies.

Gay adoption Essay Example for Free

Gay adoption Essay Although courts have gone to great lengths to provide every child with one mother and one father, the realities of family formation and parenting are considerably more complex. Just a few years ago, most children grew up in a traditional or nuclear family, which refers to the conjugal household consisting of a husband, a wife, and their dependent children, whose relationships are traditionally recognized by family law. Today, fewer and fewer households are deemed traditional families. Societal changes have brought about the rise of alternative or non-traditional families which include group living, unmarried cohabitation and single-parent families, all of which are mutually interdependent households, but not, historically, so recognized by family law. Although these arrangements specifically same-sex couples appear to be distinct from the traditional family, they often embody and preserve the many values and functions of the traditional family, including support, loyalty, values, welfare, love and affection. Furthermore, many committed same-sex couples have and raise children. Nevertheless, for those living in these alternative arrangements, the law has not kept pace with these social evolutions. Moreover, in order for these individuals to assert any legal rights based on a family relationship, such as health insurance and inheritance benefits, they must first be acknowledged as a family member. Unfortunately, however, the law has made it overwhelmingly difficult for both male and female same-sex couples to be recognized as having a family relationship with concomitant legal rights and duties. The most permanent, binding way of becoming a non-biological parent is by adoption. Adoption is the legal proceeding, which establishes the legal relationship of parent and child between persons not already so related. Blood ties between adopter and adoptee are unnecessary. The adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents including the right to inherit, while the parent incurs the responsibilities of a parent with respect to the adopted person. In addition, as part of the process, the biological parents rights and responsibilities are terminated. As a general rule, either a married or unmarried person may undertake adoption and the requirements are generally the same in either case. In the former, however, its required either that the petition be made jointly or be consented to by the other spouse. The two basic requirements for someone trying to adopt are age and residence. The most commonly encountered age requirement is that the adopting parent be at least 21 years of age. Many statutes merely specify any adult or any person of lawful age, but the usual effect of this provision is as just stated.

Interior lighting Essay Example for Free

Interior lighting Essay Interior lighting not only illuminates dark rooms, creating mood and atmosphere, it emphasizes areas of importance and highlights prized possessions. But selecting the best interior lighting for both practical illumination and as a powerful decorating tool isn’t automatic. You need to develop a lighting plan for each room that serves your lifestyle and complements your personal decorating style (Young). Luminance and Chrominance It is easier to take advantage of these effects when the interior is described in terms of luminance and chrominance. Luminance is closely related to the perception of brightness, whereas chrominance is related to the perception of color hue and saturation. By definition, luminance is proportional to the light energy emitted per unit projected area of source, but the energy in each band of wavelengths of the input is scaled by the corresponding sensitivity of the eye in that band. Therefore, luminance is a measure of the physical energy of the light source reaching the eye, but the incident energy is weighted according to the spectral sensitivity of the eye (Tregenza and Loe). Color The color of an object or surface is determined by its reflected or transmitted light. Color is not a physical property of the things we see – it is the consequence of light waves bouncing off or passing through various objects. What is perceived as color is the result of materials reflecting or transmitting energy in particular regions of the visible spectrum. A light source that emits radiant energy comparatively balanced in all visible wavelengths appears â€Å"white† in color. Passing a narrow beam of the white light through a prism separates and spreads the individual wavelengths, allowing the eye to distinguish among them. The resulting visual phenomenon is called color spectrum. â€Å"White† light sources emit energy at all or almost all visible wavelengths, but not always in an ideal proportion. Almost all sources are deficient at some wavelengths yet still appear to be white. This deficiency influences the perception of colors; the effect is known as color rendition. It causes the graying of some colors while enhancing the vividness of others (Gordon). Daylight A principal characteristic of daylight is its variability. The color of daylight changes with the time of day, the cleanliness of the atmosphere, and the inter reflection of surrounding objects. The intensity of the sun changes with the time of the day, the time of year, and the latitude of the site. The luminance of the sky depends on whether the light is coming from an overcast sky, from a clear sky only, or from a clear sky and direct sunlight. Daylight has two components: sunlight and skylight. Sunlight is the directional beam emitted by the sun; skylight is the diffuse reflection of light from particles in the atmosphere (Gordon). Incandescent Lamps The incandescent lamp depends on passing an electric current through a wire to such an extent that it glows white hot. Tungsten wire is now used, but early lamps used carbon filaments; it is necessary to have a material with a high melting point so that it emits light for reasonable length of time without breaking. The tungsten wire is usually coiled and coiled again to produce a fine filament. This is supported on two wires, which connect it to the electricity supply. The bulb usually contains an inert gas to stop the filament oxidizing; sometimes a vacuum is used. But gradually, as the lamp operates, tungsten evaporates from the filament and is deposited on the inside of the bulb. The filament becomes thinner and eventually breaks. An inert gas filling retards this process and ensures a reasonable lamp life, typically about 1000 hours. The actual life varies within a batch of lamps, and although a mean value can be quoted this may not be helpful. Lamp manufacturers often give the life as the point when they expect a particular percentage of lamps to have failed (Tregenza and Loe). Discharge Lamps – The Glowing Gas Light can be produced by an electric discharge in a gas-filled transparent tube. The discharge is started by applying a high voltage across electrodes at each end. This ionizes the gas filling, enabling an increasing current to flow, and resulting in further ionization. The radiation produced depends in the materials in the tube ad the as pressure. Its spectrum is discontinuous, and comprises bands of radiation at specific wavelengths. Phosphor coatings in the inside wall of the tube may be used to absorb some of the radiation and re-emit it at different wavelengths – especially to convert ultraviolet radiation to energy in the visible range. With all discharge lamps additional equipment is required in the electrical circuit. This produces an initial high voltage to start the discharge, then limits the current during operation and controls the power factor. The power factor depends on the relationship between voltage and current in an ac circuit and affects the efficiency of the equipment. The combined efficacy of the lamp and its control circuit determine the energy efficiency (Tregenza and Loe). The fluorescent lamp is the most versatile package of light available in today’s market. Ranging in light output from 115 lumens to 16,500 lumens in standard sizes, they are available in 40 different wattages and numerous circuit types. Fluorescent lamps are known as gaseous discharge lamps; they produce light by discharging an electric arc through a tube filled with low-pressure gas which contains mercury atoms. Some of the electrons in the arc collide with electrons in the mercury atoms. When collisions occur the mercury electrons are knocked out of orbit and, because they have absorbed energy as a result of the collision, jump to a higher energy level. They return to their normal orbit almost immediately and, in the process, give up the energy which was absorbed (Lindsey).

Effects of Democratic and Autocratic management

Effects of Democratic and Autocratic management Different companies have different management systems. Every manager wants to use special management style for developing their own company. Managers personalities will influence the type of style adopted. Selecting the correct management style may lead to greater motivation and productivity the workers. There are many management styles, such as democratic, autocratic, consultative, Laissez Faire, and paternalistic. Every management style leads to each company has a different structure. If a company has a good management style, it will motivate its workforce. It may allow a company get more profits. If managers want to build a successful company, selecting a right management style is very important. Although each management style not only has advantages, for a company, they need to choose a management style carefully. If the management style cannot motivate workers, this company will have big problems, such as lower efficiency, hardly completed tasks or hardly execute managers decisi ons. Managers have many different ways to handle their labours. Some managers want to completely control the workers; some managers want to let workers more relaxed and have the freedom to finish their jobs. In this essay, I will compare and contrast two different management styles, which are democratic and autocratic, and evaluate how they can affect employees and motivate them. Firstly, I will explain democratic management style. This management style allows people joining manage the company and having their own ideas and ways for finish their jobs. However, workers must complete the job on time. Bill Gates is the most famous example of using the democratic management style. If the workers has different opinions, Bill encourage workers argue with him. (Ruth, 2008) Under this management style, when managers need to make important decisions, they will hold a meeting; listen to their workers ideas or suggestions. This way involves workers to manage the company; workers will think they are a part of company. Many people just work for money, if managers have no idea about how to motivate them; it may be result in lower efficiency. For a company to use, a management style of democratic which require worker have professional skills. And then, I will illustrate advantages and disadvantages about democratic management style. If the company use democratic management style, directors can get along well with workers, because between the boss and the workers, good communication is very important. Thus democratic management style helps them have a good communication. When important and complex decisions need to be made, the managers may be not able to consider all of the ways, so listening to other peoples ideas is very important. The democratic management style has the higher degree of motivation people. Although the democratic management style has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages. When the company has to make a decision, it will spend lots of time on collecting the workers ideas. They need hold to a meeting, and then choose the best solution. Another disadvantage is that if the workers have not enough skill and experience, potential mistakes are exiting, and sometimes, the manager cannot accepts workers ideas on each decision, workers will think the managers do not respect them. It will be harmful develop company. (Blurt it, 1999) Secondly, I will explain autocratic management style. This management style is totally different to democratic. Howell Raines and Martha Stewart is the classic example of how to use the autocratic management style to building a successful company. (Money-zine, 1999) Autocratic management style means the manager make all the important decisions, and require workers just need to complete tasks. In all the processes, workers do not take part in decision making. This will lead to workers is no sense of belonging, and workers cannot show their special abilities. Under this management style, workers just follow the directors commands. There are some advantages, the decision made quickly, because directors do not spend time on collecting workers ideas, and so, the tasks will be completed on time. Another advantage is that autocratic management style helps companies increasing efficiency when the company employ many lower skilled workers. On the other hand, this management style also has som e weaknesses. There is no two- way communication between managers and workers. Managers just require workers what they should do, but directors do not want to know what they think. Another disadvantage is that workers cannot always work hard for company. If there is another company can offer the higher salary, the worker will resign. This will become a problem for building a successful company. (Learn management2, 2000) Thirdly, I want to illustrate how to motivate workers? Workers are the basic resources of a company, so if managers want to build a successful firm, motivating them is very important. Motivating workers not only one way which increase salary, there are many ways for motivation labour. First, managers must have a good example for cheerful. Second, managers need to listen to workers think. Third, managers can draw a good picture of future showing for workers. Fourth, managers can not blind making decisions because of their personal like and dislike. Through above four methods, it can help motivate workers. In fact, not everyone works just for money. Many people think work is very interesting, so managers need to try to use another way to motivate them, other than increasing their wages. (Wiki how, 1999) Finally, I will compare which management style can more affect employee the most. Every style has good aspects for the companies. In this part, I will mainly compare democratic management style and autocratic management style. Democratic management style allow people to join decisions making, although the company need to spend more time collecting ideas, this way can improve workers enthusiasm. Once people have a sense of belonging, people will work harder. They will think the company is like working for their family; they will have greater powerful for job. However, there also are risks for the company. If workers take part in decisions, they must have professional skills and enough experiences, if some people do not actually reach this level, the mistakes will be made. On the other hand, under the autocratic management style, managers make all the decision, people just follow the order working. In fact, this management style also influences workers. Despotic leader always think peo ple just work for money, so if they pay workers, the workers will follow their orders, and the job will be completed on time. If a manager chooses the autocratic management style, they think increase the salary can motivate them. Nowadays, almost managers choose to allow people take part in decision making, because when managers want to encourage employees attending decision making, the autocratic management style should be not used, and if the workers become repugnant, the autocratic management style are also not effective. (Money-zine, 1999) In order to reduce the risks, they through provide more professional training chance for workers, or cooperate with professional school for obtain labour. If building a company, the boss makes all the decisions, and controls everything. It will lead to the boss having to work all the time and the potential mistake will still exist. It may be bad for the company. Mr. Robbins said that work committees and meetings are tow most popular ways of encouraging workers participation. (Stephen, 2002) Therefore, although the company need to spend many times on collecting ideas form workers; almost managers choose allowing workers taking part in decision making, such as democratic management style or paternalistic management style, and try to other ways to reduce mistake or error. Whether democratic or autocratic, managers just want to choose the best management style for their company. I think all managers want to motivate workers and increase efficiency. However, they choose different way to achieve their goal. The democratic management style and the autocratic management style are totally opposite management style. The democratic management style allow workers attend to make decisions, making workers feel they are a part of the company, and making them know development of the company is also their responsibility. However, the autocratic management style, managers make all the decisions, workers just complete managers commands. This allows workers do their job, and get their salary. Whether the company develop or not, they will not care. In the long term, their enthusiasm decrease. If managers want to motivate them, it may be by through increasing their income, but this is not the best way for motivation. If managers want to build a more efficiently company, motivating workers is become the most important thing.

Rawls Concept Of Justice As Political: A Defense Against Critics :: Philosophy Philosophical Rawls Essays

Rawls' Concept Of Justice As Political: A Defense Against Critics ABSTRACT: Rawls' theory of justice as fairness involves a central contention that principles of justice essential to the structure of a constitutional democracy must be viewed as political in contrast to more comprehensive moral, philosophical or religious doctrines. The concept of justice is not its being true to an antecedent moral order and given to us, but its being congruent with our self-understanding within the history of justice as political is not a mere modus vivendi, for it embodies an overlapping consensus that does have a moral basis. Critical reaction to Rawls has been that what is simply a consensus within a tradition of public discourse cannot afford an adequate criteria of moral justification, and that Rawls cannot define the moral basis for justice as fairness without some reference to a comprehensive theory of the good. But it will be argued that critics are missing what is central to Rawls' theory of moral justification as what he sees to be the outcome of a proce ss of "wide reflective equilibrium" in which principles of justice initially given within a tradition are weighed against rival moral theories and in relation to scientific theories of human nature and society in order to establish what seems "most reasonable to us." It is the central contention of Rawls that the principles of justice essential to the structure of constitutional democracy must be characterized as political in contrast to more comprehensive moral, philosophical and religious doctrines on which agreement is not possible within the pluralism of modernity, and that the concept of justice is not its being true to an antecedent moral order, but its congruency with our self-understanding within history and traditions embedded in our public life. But Rawls emphasizes that the concept of justice as political is not a mere modus vivendi, for it embodies an overlapping consensus by specifying the fair terms of cooperation between citizens that are regarded as free and equal. This consensus encompasses the concept of primary goods: basic right and liberties, powers and prerogatives of office; income and wealth; the basis of self-respect. It also encompasses the "difference principle": in which economic inequalities are allowed so long as thi s improves everyone's situation including that of the least advantaged. The overlapping consensus, Rawls further specifies, is not a consensus simply in accepting a certain authority, or simply as compliance with certain institutional arrangements.

Abortion and the Columbine High School Massacre :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Abortion and the Columbine High School Massacre I am sure all of us have been affected in some way by the horrific tragedy that occurred at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado (April 1999). Certainly, our entire country grieves at the death of the many High School teens and faculty who were victims of meaningless violence. Sadly, the bullets of two Columbine students took the lives of thirteen people away. "This tragedy is an outrage", cries the public! . . . "These teens were innocent young men, and women who had their whole lives ahead of them." . . . "They will never have the opportunity to enjoy adulthood, and the wonders of life." . . . "There must be something done to curb this violence!" These types of comments, along with many others, are surfacing in our nation, as our country cries out in disgust and frustration. "What are we to do?", we now ask of each other. I am convinced that the answer to "What are we to do?" is rooted in the current situation in our country that permits and encourages "legalized abortion". Whether we realize it or not, "legalized abortion" attributes to the great loss of "respect for life" which shows its ugly face in so many ways in our country. The shooting at Columbine High is one of these "ugly faces". Sadly, as "legalized abortion" continues, Pope John Paul II says, "There will be a darkening of our conscience, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish between right and wrong, - especially in regard to the respect of human life". Is it a wonder that when mothers are able to freely kill innocent babies within their wombs, that others will also begin to think, "it is all right to kill innocent human beings?" Is it a wonder that when a child in a mother's womb is treated as an "object" instead of a "person", that other people in turn, will begin to treat others as "objects", using them only as a "means" to accomplish some end? "What are we to do about this violence?", cries our nation. In order to "curb violence" and protect innocent lives, our nation must come to understand that every individual is known and loved by God; that every individual has been willed by God and made in His image and likeness; that "human life" is under the special protection of God; and as a result - that every individual must be afforded the first and most fundamental of all human rights - the right to life.

A Young Womans Fantasy in The Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry James

A Young Woman's Fantasy in The Turn of the Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Turn of the Screw, by Henry James, is an odd story about a young woman who, leaving her small country home for the first time, takes a job as a governess in a wealthy household.   Shortly after her arrival, she begins to suffer from insomnia and fancies that she sees ghosts roaming about the grounds.   James is a master story-teller and, at times, the complexities of the story make it difficult to follow.   The Turn of the Screw is a story within a story, the tale of the governess being read aloud as a ghost story among friends.   Harold C. Goddard wrote a fascinating piece of criticism entitled "A Pre Freudian Reading of The Turn of the Screw."   When applied to the book, his theory makes perfect sense.   Goddard suggests that the governess, young and inexperienced, immediately falls in love with her employer during their meeting.   As a result of her unrequited love, her overactive mind creates a fantasy in which the the two ghosts intend to harm the children, in order to make herself a heroine, thereby getting the attention of her employer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goddard points out that the young woman is unstable from the beginning.   We find out little about her background, except that she is "the youngest of several daughters of a poor country parson" (4).   It becomes immediately obvious to the reader that such a drastic change of environment as she experiences is cause enough for her to experience extreme anxiety.   Indeed, she tells Mrs. Grose, "I'm rather easily carried away.   I was carried away in London!" (8).   After her interview with her potential employer, the man from Harley Street and the uncle of her young charges, she goes on and on about the man, praising him and ... ... that haunt the grounds.   The story is told through the voice of the governess, which, considering her mental state, makes it difficult to decipher what is actually occurring.   There are many questions that are never answered, rather, they are left up to the reader to decide. Works Cited and Consulted Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969. Goddard, Harold C. A Pre Freudian Reading of The Turn of the Screw. New York: Hillary House Publishers, 1960. James, Henry. "The Turn of the Screw". The Turn of the Screw and Other Short Novels. New York: New American Library, 1995. Nunning, Ansgar. "Unreliable Narrator." Encyclopedia of the Novel. Ed. Paul Schellinger. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998. 1386-1388. Wagenknecht, Edward. The Tales of Henry James. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1984. A Young Woman's Fantasy in The Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry James A Young Woman's Fantasy in The Turn of the Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Turn of the Screw, by Henry James, is an odd story about a young woman who, leaving her small country home for the first time, takes a job as a governess in a wealthy household.   Shortly after her arrival, she begins to suffer from insomnia and fancies that she sees ghosts roaming about the grounds.   James is a master story-teller and, at times, the complexities of the story make it difficult to follow.   The Turn of the Screw is a story within a story, the tale of the governess being read aloud as a ghost story among friends.   Harold C. Goddard wrote a fascinating piece of criticism entitled "A Pre Freudian Reading of The Turn of the Screw."   When applied to the book, his theory makes perfect sense.   Goddard suggests that the governess, young and inexperienced, immediately falls in love with her employer during their meeting.   As a result of her unrequited love, her overactive mind creates a fantasy in which the the two ghosts intend to harm the children, in order to make herself a heroine, thereby getting the attention of her employer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goddard points out that the young woman is unstable from the beginning.   We find out little about her background, except that she is "the youngest of several daughters of a poor country parson" (4).   It becomes immediately obvious to the reader that such a drastic change of environment as she experiences is cause enough for her to experience extreme anxiety.   Indeed, she tells Mrs. Grose, "I'm rather easily carried away.   I was carried away in London!" (8).   After her interview with her potential employer, the man from Harley Street and the uncle of her young charges, she goes on and on about the man, praising him and ... ... that haunt the grounds.   The story is told through the voice of the governess, which, considering her mental state, makes it difficult to decipher what is actually occurring.   There are many questions that are never answered, rather, they are left up to the reader to decide. Works Cited and Consulted Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969. Goddard, Harold C. A Pre Freudian Reading of The Turn of the Screw. New York: Hillary House Publishers, 1960. James, Henry. "The Turn of the Screw". The Turn of the Screw and Other Short Novels. New York: New American Library, 1995. Nunning, Ansgar. "Unreliable Narrator." Encyclopedia of the Novel. Ed. Paul Schellinger. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998. 1386-1388. Wagenknecht, Edward. The Tales of Henry James. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1984.

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 12~13

CHAPTER TWELVE Here's My Coupon, He Said, Singing the Redemption Song Normally, if the whale cops found an unauthorized person on a research vessel, they would simply record the violation, write a ticket, then remove the person from the boat and take him back to Lahaina Harbor. A fine was paid and violations were considered the following year when the permit came up for renewal. By contrast, Kona was delivered to the Maui county jail with both his wrists and ankles shackled and a swath of duct tape over his mouth. Nate and Amy were waiting in the lobby of the Maui county jail in Wailuku, sitting in metal chairs designed to promote discomfort and waffled butt skin. â€Å"It's really okay if he has to stay in overnight,† said Nate. â€Å"Or for a week or so if it would be easier.† Amy punched Nate in the shoulder. â€Å"You creep! I thought it was Kona that got them to let you come to us.† â€Å"Still, jail builds character. I've heard that. It might do him good to be off his herb for a few days.† Kona had slipped his fanny pack full of pot and paraphernalia to Nate before he'd been taken away. â€Å"Character? If he starts with his native-sovereignty speech stuff in there the real Hawaiians will pound him.† â€Å"He'll be okay. I'm worried about you. Don't you want to go get checked?† Clair had taken Clay to the hospital to get a CAT scan and have his scalp stitched up. â€Å"I'm fine, Nate. I was only shaken up because I was worried about Clay.† â€Å"You were down a long time.† â€Å"Yes, and I went by Clay's dive computer. We decompressed completely. The worst part was I froze my ass off.† â€Å"I can't believe you had the presence of mind to decompress with Clay unconscious. I don't know if I would have. Hell, I couldn't have. I'd have run out of air in ten minutes. How did you manage – ; â€Å"I'm small, Nate. I don't use air like you. And I could tell that Clay was breathing okay. I could tell that the cut on his head wasn't that bad either. The biggest danger to both of us was decompression sickness, so I followed the computer, breathed off of Clay's rescue supply when I ran out, and nobody got hurt.† â€Å"I'm really impressed,† said Nate. â€Å"I just did what I was supposed to do. No big deal.† â€Å"I was really scared – I thought you – You had me worried.† He patted her knee in a grandmotherly fashion, and she looked at his hand. â€Å"Careful, I'll get all sniffly over here,† Amy said. They led the surfer into the holding tank, where everyone was wearing the same orange jumpsuit that he was. â€Å"Irie, bruddahs,† Kona said, â€Å"we all shoutin' down Sheriff John Brown in these Great Pumpkin suits, Jah.† They all looked up: a giant Samoan who had beaten an Oldsmobile to death with a softball bat when it stalled in the middle of the Kuihelani Freeway, an alcoholic white guy who had fallen asleep on the Four Seasons' private beach in Wailea and made the mistake of dropping his morning business in one of the cabanas, a bass player from Lahaina who had been brought in because at any given time a bass player is probably up to no good, an angry bruddah who had been caught doing a smash-and-grab from a rental car at La Perouse Bay, and two up-country pig hunters who had tried to back their four-wheeler full of pit bulls down a volcano after huffing two cans of spray paint. Kona could tell they were huffers by the glazed look in their eyes and the large red rings that covered their mouths and noses from the bag. â€Å"Hey, brah, Krylon?† One of the pig hunters nodded and briefly lost control of the motion of his head. â€Å"Nothin' like a quality red.† â€Å"I hear dat,† said the pig hunter. â€Å"I hear dat.† Then Kona made his way to the corner of the cell, the guard locked the door, and everyone resumed looking at his shoes, except for the Samoan guy, who was waiting for Kona to make eye contact so he could kill him. â€Å"Ye know, brah,† Kona said to him in a friendly, if seriously flawed fake Jamaican accent, â€Å"I be learning from my science dreadies to look at tings with the critical eye, don't ya know. And I think I know what the problem with taking a stand against da man on Maui.† â€Å"Whad dat?† ask the Samoan. â€Å"Well, it's an island, ain't it, mon? You got to be stone stupid going outlaw here wid nowhere to escape.† â€Å"You callin' me stupid, haole?† â€Å"No, mon, just speaking the truth.† â€Å"An' what you in for, haole girl?† â€Å"Failing to give a humpback whale the proper scientific handjob, I tink.† â€Å"Goin' ta fuck ya and kill ya now.† â€Å"Could ya kill me first?† â€Å"Whadeva,† said the Samoan, climbing to his feet and expanding to his full Godzilla proportions. â€Å"Thanks, brah. Peace in Jah's mercy,† said the doomed surfer. Forty-five minutes later, after Nate had filled out the requisite papers, the jailer, a compact Hawaiian with weightlifter shoulders, led Kona through the double steel doors into the waiting room. The surfer shuffled in, head down, looking ashamed and a little lopsided. Amy put her arm around his shoulders and patted his head. â€Å"Oh, Sistah Amy, 'twas heinous.† He put his arm around Amy, then let his hand slip to the curve of her bottom. â€Å"Heinous most true.† The jailer grinned. â€Å"Had a disagreement with a big Samoan guy. We stopped it before it got too far. The holding cells are monitored on closed-circuit video.† â€Å"Snatched half me dreads out.† Kona pulled a handful of orphaned dreadlocks from the pocket of his surf shorts. â€Å"Going to cost some deep monies to hook these boys back up. I can feel my strength waning without them.† The jailer waived a finger under Kona's nose. â€Å"Just so you know, kid, if it had gone the other way – if the Samoan had decided to kill you second – I wouldn't have stepped in so early. You understand?† â€Å"Yah, Sheriff.† â€Å"You stay out of my jail, or next time I tell him which end to start on, okay?† The jailer turned to Quinn. â€Å"They aren't filing any charges that merit incarceration. They just wanted to make a point.† Then he leaned close to Nate and whispered, their height difference making it appear as if he were talking to the scientist's shirt pocket, â€Å"You need to get this kid some help. He thinks he's Hawaiian. I see these suburban Rasta boys all the time – hell, Paia's crawling with them – but this one, he's troubled. One of my boys goes that way, I'd pay for a shrink.† â€Å"He's not my kid.† â€Å"I know how you feel. His girlfriend is cute, though. Makes you wonder how they pick 'em, doesn't it?† â€Å"Thanks, Officer,† Nate said. Having shared all the paternal camaraderie he could handle, he turned and walked out into the blinding Maui sun. To Kona, Amy said, â€Å"You better now, baby?† Kona nodded into her shoulder, where he'd been pretending to seek comfort in a nuzzle. â€Å"Good. Then move your hand.† The surfer played his fingers over her bottom like anemones in a tidal wash, anchored yet flowing. â€Å"That's it,† Amy said. She snatched a handful of his remaining dreads and quickstepped through the double glass doors, dragging the bent-over surfer behind her. â€Å"Ouch, ouch, ouch,† Kona chanted in perfect four/four reggae rhythm. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Spirits in the Night Nate spent the whole afternoon and most of the evening trying to analyze spectrograms of whale-song recordings, correlate behavior patterns, and then chart the corresponding patterns of interaction. The problem was figuring out what actually defined interaction for an eighty-thousand-pound animal? Were animals interacting when they were five hundred yards away? A thousand? A mile, ten miles? The song was certainly audible for miles; the low, subsonic frequencies could travel literally thousands of miles in deep ocean basins. Nate tried to put himself in their world – no boundaries, no obstacles. They lived, for the most part, in a world of sound, yet they had acute eyesight, both in and out of the water, and special muscles in the eye that allowed them to change focus for either medium. You interacted with animals you could both see and not see. When Nate and Clay used satellite tags, of which they could afford only a few, or rented a helicopter, from which they could observe animals from a wide perspective, it appeared that the whales were indeed responding to each other from miles apart. How do you study an animal that is socializing over a distance of miles? The key had to be in the song, in the signal somewhere. If for no other reason than that was the only way to approach the problem. Midnight found him sitting alone in the office, lit only by the glow of his computer monitor, having forgotten to eat, drink, or relieve himself for four hours, when Kona came in. â€Å"What's that?† asked the surfer, pointing to the spectrograph that was scrolling across the screen. Nate nearly jumped out of the chair, then caught himself and pulled the headphones down. â€Å"The part that's scrolling is the spectrograph of the humpback song. The different colors are frequency, or pitch. The wiggly line in this box is an oscilloscope. It shows frequency, too, but I can use it to isolate each range by clicking on it.† Kona was eating a banana. He handed another one to Nate without taking his eyes off the screen. â€Å"So this is what it looks like? The song?† Kona had forgotten to affect any of his accents, so Nate forgot to be sarcastic in reply. â€Å"It's a way of looking at it. Humans are visual animals. Our brains are better suited to process visual information rather than acoustic information, so it's easier for us to think about sound by looking at it. A whale or a dolphin's brain is structured to process acoustics more than visuals.† â€Å"What are you looking for?† â€Å"I'm not sure. I'm looking for a signal. For some pattern of information in the structure of the song.† â€Å"Like a message?† â€Å"Maybe a message.† â€Å"And it's not in the musical parts?† Kona asked. â€Å"The difference in notes? Like a song? You know the prophet Bob Marley gave us the wisdom of HIM in song.† Quinn swiveled in his chair and paused in midbite of his banana. â€Å"HIM? What's that?† â€Å"His Imperial Majesty, Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia, Lion of Judah, Jesus Christ on earth, son of God. His blessings upon us. Jah, mon.† â€Å"You mean Haile Selassie, the Ethiopian king who died in the 1970s? That Haile Selassie?† â€Å"Yah mon. HIM, the direct descendant of David as foretold in Isaiah, through the divine consort Solomon and Makeda, the queen of Sheba, and from their sons all the emperors of Ethiopia have come. So we Rastas believe that Haile Selassie is Jesus Christ alive on earth.† â€Å"But he's dead, how's that work?† â€Å"It helps to be stoned.† â€Å"I see,† Nate said. Well, that did explain a lot. â€Å"Anyway, to answer your question, yes, we've looked at the musical transmission, but despite Bob Marley I think the answer is here, in this low register, but only because it travels the farthest.† â€Å"Can you freeze this?† said Kona, pointing to the oscilloscope, a green line dancing on a field of black. Nate clicked it and froze a jagged line on the screen. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Those teeth? See, there are tall ones and not so tall ones.† â€Å"They're called microoscillations. You can only see them if you have the wave stopped like this.† â€Å"What if the tall one is a one and the short one is a zero? What's that?† â€Å"Binary?† â€Å"Yah, mon, what if it's computer talk, like that?† Nate was stunned. Not because he thought Kona was right, but because the kid had actually had the cognitive powers to come up with the question. Nate wouldn't have been more surprised if he'd walked in on a team of squirrels building a toaster oven. Maybe the kid had run out of pot, and this spike in intelligence was just a withdrawal symptom. â€Å"That's not a bad guess, Kona, but the only way the whales would know about this would be if they had oscilloscopes.† â€Å"And they don't?† â€Å"No, they don't.† â€Å"Oh, and that acoustic brain? That couldn't see this?† â€Å"No,† said Nate, not entirely sure that he hadn't just lied. He'd never thought of it before. â€Å"Okay. I go for to sleep now. You need more grinds?† â€Å"No. Thanks for the banana.† â€Å"Jah's blessing, mon. Thanks for getting me out for jail this day. We going go out next morning?† â€Å"Maybe not everyone. We'll have to see how Clay feels tomorrow. He went right to his cabin when Clair brought him home from the hospital.† â€Å"Oh, Boss Clay got cool runnings, brah. He having sweet agonies with Sistah Clair. I hear them love jams as I'm coming over.† â€Å"Well, good,† Nate said, thinking from Kona's tone and his smile that whatever he said must have been good. â€Å"Good night, Kona.† â€Å"Good night, boss.† Before the surfer was out the door, Nate had turned to the monitor and started mapping out peaks in the wave pattern of the low end of the whale song. He'd need to look up some articles on blue-whale calls – the lowest, loudest, longest-traveling calls on the planet – and he'd have to see if anyone had done any numerical analysis on dolphin sonar clicks, and that was all he could think of right at the moment. In the meantime he had to have enough of a sample to see if there was any meaning there. It was ridiculous, of course. It would never be so simple, nor could it be so complex. Of course you could assign values of one or zero to parts of the song – that was easy. It didn't mean there would be any meaning to it. It wouldn't necessarily answer any of their questions, but it was a different way of looking at things. Whale-call binary, no. Two hours later he was still assigning ones and zeroes to different microoscillations in wave patterns of different songs and felt as if he might actually, strangely, amazingly, be learning something, when Clay came through the door wearing a knee-length pink kimono emblazoned with huge white chrysanthemums. There was a small bandage on his forehead and what appeared to be a lipstick smear that ran from his mouth to his right ear. â€Å"Any beer in there?† Clay nodded to the kitchen. The office cabin, like all the others at Papa Lani, had once been living quarters for a whole family, so it had a full kitchen in addition to the great room they used for a main office, two smaller rooms they used for storage, and a bathroom. Clay padded past and threw open the refrigerator. â€Å"Nope. Water, I guess. I'm really dehydrated.† â€Å"You okay,† Nate said. â€Å"How was the CAT scan?† â€Å"I'm cat free.† Clay came back to the office and fell into the chair in front of his broken monitor. â€Å"Thirteen stitches in my scalp, maybe a mild concussion. I'll be okay. Clair may kill me yet tonight, though – heart attack, stroke, affection. Nothing like a near-death experience to bring out the passion in a woman. You can't believe the stuff that woman is doing to me. And she's a schoolteacher. It's shameful.† Clay grinned, and Nate noticed a little lipstick on his teeth. â€Å"So that's shame?† Nate gestured for Clay to wipe his mouth. The photographer took a swipe across his mug, came up with a handful of color, and examined it. â€Å"No, I think that's strawberry lip gloss. A woman her age wearing flavored lip gloss. The shame is in my heart.† â€Å"You really had her worried, Clay. Me, too. If Amy hadn't kept her head†¦ well – ; â€Å"I fucked up. I know it. I started living in the viewfinder and forgot where I was. It was an amateurish mistake. But you can't believe the footage I was getting using the rebreather. It's going to be amazing for singers. I'm finally going to be able to get underneath them, beside them, whatever you need. I just need to remember where I am.† â€Å"You're unbelievably lucky.† Nate knew that any lecture he might come up with, Clay had already put himself through a dozen times. Still, he had to say it. Regardless of the outcome, he had endured the loss of his friend, even if was for only forty minutes or so. â€Å"Unconscious, that deep, for that long – you used up a lot of lives on that one, Clay. The fact that your mouthpiece stayed in is a miracle.† â€Å"Well, that part wasn't an accident. I have the hoses tight because the rebreather is so temperamental about getting water in it. Over the years I've had mouthpieces knocked out of my mouth a hundred times, kicked out by another diver, camera caught on it, hit by a dolphin. Since you have to keep your head back to film most of the time anyway, with the hoses short so the thing stays in your mouth, it's just a matter of keeping the seal. Man's only instinct is to suck.† â€Å"And you suck, is that what you're saying?† â€Å"Look, Nate, I know you're mad, but I'm okay. Something was going on with that animal. It distracted me. It won't happen again. I owe it to the kid, though.† â€Å"We thought we'd lost her, too.† â€Å"She's good, Nate. Really good. She kept her head, she did what needed to be done, and damned if I know how she did it, but she brought my ancient ass up alive and without the bends. Situation was reversed, I would have never done the decompression stops, but it turns out she did the right thing. You can't teach that kind of judgment.† â€Å"You're just trying to change the subject.† Clay was indeed trying to change the subject. â€Å"How'd Toronto do against Edmonton tonight?† Oh, sure, thought Nate, try to appeal to his inherent Canadian weakness for hockey. Like playing the hockey card would distract him from – â€Å"I don't know. Let's check the score.† From outside the screen door came Clair's voice. â€Å"Clay Demodocus, are you wearing my robe?† â€Å"Why, yes, dear, I am,† said Clay, shooting an embarrassed glance at Quinn, as if he'd only just noticed that he was wearing a woman's kimono. â€Å"Well, that would mean that I'm wearing nothing, wouldn't it?† said Clair. She wasn't close enough to the door for him to actually see her through the screen, but Quinn had no doubt she was naked, had her hip cocked, and was tapping a foot in the sand. â€Å"I guess,† said Clay. â€Å"We were just going to check the hockey scores, sweetheart. Would you like to come in?† â€Å"There's a skinny kid with a half order of dreadlocks and an erection out here staring at me, Clay, and it's making me feel a little self-conscious.† â€Å"I woke up with it, Bwana Clay,† Kona said. â€Å"No disrespect.† â€Å"He's an employee, darling.† Clay said reassuringly. Then to Quinn he whispered, â€Å"I had better go.† â€Å"You better had,† said Quinn. â€Å"See you in the morning.† â€Å"You should take the day off.† â€Å"Nah, I'll see you in the morning. What are you working on anyway?† â€Å"Putting the subsonic part of the song in binary.† â€Å"Ah, interesting.† â€Å"Feeling vulnerable out here,† Clair said. â€Å"Vulnerable and angry.† â€Å"I had better go,† said Clay. â€Å"Night, Clay.† An hour later, just when Nate was getting to the point where he felt he had enough samples marked out in binary to start looking for some sort of pattern, the third spirit in the night came through the door: Amy, in a man's T-shirt that hung to midthigh, yawning and rubbing her eyes. â€Å"The hell you doing up at this hour? It's three in the morning.† â€Å"Working?† Amy padded barefoot across the floor and looked at the monitor where Quinn was working, trying to blink the bleariness out of her eyes. â€Å"That the low end of the song?† â€Å"Yeah, that and some blue-whale calls I had, for comparison.† Quinn could smell some kind of berry shampoo smell coming off of Amy, and he became hyperaware of the warmth of her pressing against his shoulder. â€Å"I don't understand. You're digitizing it manually? That seems a little primitive. The signal is already digitized by virtue of being on the disk, isn't it?† â€Å"I'm looking at it a different way. It will probably wash out, but I'm looking at the waveform of just the low end. There's no behavior for context, so it's probably a waste of time anyway.† â€Å"But still you're up at three in the morning anyway, making ones and zeroes on a screen. Mind if I ask why?† Quinn waited a second before answering, trying to figure out what to do. He wanted to turn to look at her, but she was so close that he'd be right in her face if he did. This wasn't the time. Instead he dropped his hands into his lap and sighed heavily as if this were all too tedious. He looked at the monitor as he spoke. â€Å"Okay, Amy, here's why. Here it is. The whole payoff, the whole jazz of what we do, okay?† â€Å"Okay.† She sensed the unease in his voice and stepped back. Nate turned and looked her in the eye. â€Å"It might be out on the boat, as you're coming in for the day – or it might be in the lab at four in the morning after working on the data for five years, but there comes a point where you'll find something out, where you'll see something, or where something will suddenly come together, and you'll realize that you know something that no one else in the world knows yet. Just you. No one else. You realize that all the value you have is in that one thing, and you're only going to have it for a short time until you tell someone else, but for that time you are more alive than you'll ever be. That's the jazz, Amy. That's why people do this, put up with low pay and high risk and crap conditions and fucked-up relationships. They do it for that singular moment.† Amy stood with her hands clenched in front of her, arms straight down, like a little girl trying to ignore a lecture. She looked at the floor. â€Å"So you're saying that you're about to have one of these moments and I'm bugging you?† â€Å"No, no, that's not what I'm saying. I don't know what I'm doing. I'm just telling you why I'm doing it. And that's why you're doing it, too. You just don't know it yet.† â€Å"And what if someone told you that you'd never have one of those moments of knowing something again – would you keep doing it?† â€Å"That won't happen.† â€Å"So you're close to something here? With this binary thing?† â€Å"Maybe.† â€Å"Didn't Ryder analyze the song as far as how much information it could carry and come up with something really anemic like point six bits per second? That's not really enough to make it meaningful, is it?† Growl Ryder had been Quinn's doctoral adviser at UC Santa Cruz. One of the first generation of greats in the field, along with Ken Norris and Roger Payne, a true kahuna. His first name was actually Gerard, but anyone who had known him called him Growl, because of his perpetually surly nature. Ten years ago, off the Aleutians, he'd gone out alone in a Zodiac to record blue-whale calls and had never come back. Quinn smiled at his memory. â€Å"True, but Ryder died before he finished that work, and he was looking at the musical notes and themes for information. I'm actually looking at waveform. Just from what I've done tonight, it looks like you can get up to fifty, sixty bits per second. That's a lot of information.† â€Å"That can't be right. That won't work,† Amy said. She seemed to be taking this information a bit more emotionally than Nate would have expected. â€Å"If you could move that much information subsonically, the navy would be using it for submarines. Besides, how could the whales use waveform? They'd need oscilloscopes.† She was up on her toes now, almost shouting. â€Å"Calm down, I'm just looking into it. Dolphins and bats don't need oscilloscopes to image sonically. Maybe there's something there. Just because I'm using a computer to look at this data doesn't mean I think whales are digital. It's only a model, for Christ's sake.† He was going to pat her shoulder to comfort her, but then remembered her attitude toward that at the jail. â€Å"You're not looking at data, Nate, you're making it up. You're wasting your time, and I'm not sure you're not wasting my time. This whole job might have been a big mistake.† â€Å"Amy, I don't understand why –  » But she wouldn't give him a chance to defend himself. â€Å"Go to bed, Nate. You're delirious. We have real work to do tomorrow, and you'll be worthless if you don't get some sleep.† She turned and stormed out into the night. Even as she moved across the courtyard to her cabin, Nate could hear her ranting to herself. The words â€Å"doofus,† â€Å"deluded,† and â€Å"pathetic loser† rang out above the tirade to settle on Nate's ego. Strangely enough, a feeling of relief washed over him as he realized that the delusions of romantic grandeur that he'd been indulging – nay, fighting – about his research assistant had been just that: delusions. She thought he was a complete joke. At peace with himself for the first time since Amy had come on board, he saved his work, powered down the machine, and went off to bed.

Immigration history Essay

It was in the early 19th century when immigration of Chinese started in US and the history witnesses both hardship and success for them. In the early years Chinese could get employment as laborers for construction of railroads and in mining industry. But these immigrants had to face the racial discrimination by the local people always. There had been lot of changes in the law of Chinese immigration and there were times when mixed marriages were also banned. There were all kinds of people in society but most of them were against these immigrants as they thought they have come to snatch their job pportunities. Those who were in need of cheap labor favored these immigrants and it was again in 1940s that Chinese immigrants started to come to US. Now the situation is that they are almost 1% of the total population although majority lives the life of middle class there. Most of the Americans treated Chinese as aliens and this discrimination made Chinese live with a distance from them They wore their traditional dress along with the little round hats. Usually these immigrants were poor farmers and in order to work and make money they left their wives and children in China and came to US. They even borrowed money from relatives or moneylenders to pay for the voyage to US. Some of the agencies that needed labors paid for their voyage and that was deducted from their wages later. In this way these immigrants reached US only for the need of a job to fulfill the requirements of their family members. As these were from rural China they faced many kinds of difficulties like language problem, as they didn’t even understand English along with the racial discrimination. The trade relationship of China with New York in the beginning of the nineteenth century rought many Chinese traders in US. The discovery of gold in California caught the main attraction and Wei Long, a small farmer set on a voyage to US. The first thing that came into Wei’s mind was to collect money for his voyage and for this he tried his relatives. Most of them had their own family problems or were already in debt. Lastly Wei had to go to a moneylender and borrow money for his voyage with a promise to repay him as soon as he gets a job. He left his wife with a small child in the village and went to California on the ship that sailed with many more Chinese men. Wei had a dream of aving his own gold mines and become rich as soon as he can. He dreamt of returning back to China with lots of money and solving all the problems in his family. When he reached California, he had to find any kind of work so that to support his living and also thought of saving some for his dream. After peripatetic search for job he got one in Central Pacific Railroad Company. Since the Union Pacific Railroad Company, the chief rival of Central Pacific, was heading fast and prospering, the Central Pacific started hiring Chinese laborers and this is how Wei got a job to carry on. He along with other Chinese laborers were paid quite less than the white laborers but no one had another choice than to accept the most difficult jobs that were offered to them. Wei was quite scared when he first saw the job but with the power of his dream collected and started working. He had to stand in wicker baskets that were lowered with the help of ropes and he had to drill holes in the granite rocks. Then put dynamite in the hole lit the fuse and immediately after this he was lifted up. So many times he thought if there was a few econds of mishandling or late in pulling him up he would have been blown into pieces with the rocks. He had seen many of his fellow workers who either died or lived handicapped. Days and months passed and Wei got employment because Chinese immigrants used to work hard in quite less money and they moved faster than the expectations of their employers. Wei was able to save some money and tried business many times but due to racial discrimination he lost all his money. After trying and loosing his money he thought of just saving some money and go back to his hometown. But this was a difficult task as he immigrants had to face a lot of difficulty to get legal permission for returning back home. However he had started living in Chinatown and was feeling a little bit comfortable with the feeling that he was with his countrymen. It was more than five years and he desperately wanted to go back to his family and his home in Guangdong. He could not buy a house apart from Chinatowns. It was not because there was any kind of law against it but the social discrimination never let him do so. He somehow managed to return back home but he had to sign on papers that he would come back and work for the man who helped him in returning.

Informative Valentines Day Speech Outline

(Name) Topic: The history and a few different traditions of Valentine’s Day General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my speech class of the benefits of moderate indoor tanning. Thesis Statement: There is actually a fascinating history behind Valentine’s Day, which I will tell you about today along with some insight to how different countries celebrate this day of love. INTRODUCTION All of us have someone special in our lives. Whether it is a significant other, friends, or family, we all have someone, often many people, whom we love. But how often do we remember to really express the love we feel for these people?Good thing there’s a whole day devoted to love, so, at least once a year, we get the chance to tell these people how much we love and appreciate our relationships with them. That day of course is Valentine’s Day. A day for romance and splurging on gifts such as flowers, chocolates, jewelry, and those cute little teddy bears with the f luffy hearts reading â€Å"Be Mine. † Valentine’s Day in the U. S. has also become a day when merchandisers can count on making a few quick bucks, leading most to believe that this horrifically commercialized holiday was invented by the candy, jewelry, and card companies.On the contrary, there is actually a fascinating history behind Valentine’s Day, which I will tell you about today, along with some insight to how some different countries celebrate this day of love. BODY I. History a. St. Valentine i. Catholic church recognizes at least 3 different saints named Valentine or Valentinus ii. Martyred for marrying young men and women when it was outlawed by Emperor Claudius iii. St. Valentine was martyred for trying to help Christians escape from Roman prisons iv.Legend of first written valentine by St. Valentine 1. Jailor’s daughter b. First Valentine’s Day cards II. Different countries and some unique traditions followed today a. Similar to U. S. i. Australia ii. Canada iii. France b. Different than U. S. i. Wales 1. Welsh Valentine’s Day – St. Dwynwen’s Day 2. Love Spoons ii. Scotland 1. Cards sent anonymously 2. Game at parties 3. Valentine Date Search iii. Finland 1. Ystavanpaiva iv. Denmark 1. â€Å"Snowdrops† 2. Lover’s Cards . Gaekkebrev v. Japan 1. Valentine’s Day 2. White Day CONCLUSION Here are a few things to remember. Valentine’s Day was actually deemed a holiday by Pope Gelasius, not Hallmark, Hershey’s or Kay Jewelers. Regardless of the accuracy behind the legends of St. Valentine, they are all great, romantic stories about a man giving his life for what he believed in. Though there are countries where customs do not differ much from our own, there are many traditions followed around the world that are very different.When the next Valentine’s Day approaches, just remember, the Welsh women will be looking forward to some fancy spoons. Singles in Scotlan d will be wondering which party their crush will be at so that they can go to the same one and hopefully draw their name. The Finnish will be looking forward to spending time with their best friends. Danish women will be thinking really hard to win an Easter egg. And if you want to continue to receive gifts on Valentine’s Day, do not move to Japan. BIBLIOGRAPHY